(chem) (sol). A compound composed of the SALTS of ACETIC ACID or the acetylation products of acetic acid, such as CELLULOSE acetate. Certain acetates can be used as GLAZING on SOLAR COLLECTORS.
F – acetate
S – acetato
ACETIC ACID
(chem). An important raw material in the chemical industry. It is a by-product of the DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION of wood. It can also be obtained by oxidizing ALCOHOL. The chemical make-up of acetic acid is CH3COOH.
F – acide acetique
S – acido acetico
ACID
(bio) (biocon). A compound that dissociates or separates in a water solution to provide hydrogen ions. Acid forms a SALT when mixed with ALKALI, and is important in ANAEROBIC DIGESTION and FERMENTATION.
F – acide
S – acido
ACID DIGESTION
(biocon). The “first phase” of BIOGAS production, in which complex molecules are broken down into smaller ones.
F – digestion acide
S – digestion de acido
ACID HYDROLYSIS
(chem) (alc). A chemical process that uses ACID to convert STARCH to sugar. This is the “first phase” in ETHANOL production.
F – hydrolysation acide
S – hidrolisis de acido
ACROMETER
(gen) (meas). An instrument used to measure the density of gases.
F – acrometre
S – acrometro
ACTINOMETER
(sol) (meas). An instrument used to measure DIRECT RADIATION from the sun.
F – actinometre
S – actinometro
ACTIVE DRIED YEAST
(alc). YEAST that has been dried, but in which the yeast cells still can be activated.
F – levure seche active
S – levadura activa secada
ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING
(sol). Warming an interior space with heat collected mechanically through SOLAR COLLECTORS. The collection and distribution of this warm air requires additional external ENERGY to operate pumps, motors, valves, etc.
F – chauffage solaire actif
S – calefaccion solar activa
ADAPTED SEED
(biocon). INOCULUM used during the START-UP of a BIOGAS DIGESTER that has been obtained from another digester with similar FEEDSTOCK composition and operating under similar conditions.
F – germe adapte
S – semilla adaptada
ADOBE
(constr) (sol). Sun-dried brick of clay and straw. Also the clay and soil used for making such bricks. Adobe is high in THERMAL MASS and is useful in low-cost building construction.
F – adobe
S – adobe
ADSORPTION
(chem). The process through which carbonaceous materials are able to compress and hold on their surfaces large quantities of gas. Also, the physical adhesion of molecules to the surfaces of solids without causing a chemical reaction.
(sol) (meas). The ratio of the amount of light reflected by a surface to the light falling onto it.
F – albedo
S – albedo
ALCOHOL
(chem). A class of compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which occurs widely in nature and is used in solvents, antifreezes, chemical manufacture, and as a fuel. Alcohol commonly is obtained by FERMENTATION. (See also: BUTYL ALCOHOL, ETHYL ALCOHOL, and METHYL ALCOHOL)
(bio) (biocon) (gen). Fresh and saltwater aquatic plants, usually microscopic in size, but including seaweed. They are valuable in waste treatment, as a protein source for humans, as animal feed, and as a FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS DIGESTERS.
F – algues
S – algas
ALKALI
(chem) (biocon). Any of various BASES, which neutralize ACIDS to form SALTS. Bases are important in maintaining the chemical balance in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F – alcali
S – alcali
ALKALINE BATTERY
(elec). A BATTERY that uses sodium or potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte, and nickel-oxide flakes and powdered iron or nickel-cadmium for its active plates.
F – accumulateur alcalin
S – pila alcalina
ALKANE
(chem). A general name for hydrocarbons of the METHANE series.
F – paraffine
S – alcano
ALTERNATING CURRENT
(elec). An electric current that periodically reverses its direction. Generally abbreviated as ac.
F – courant alternatif
S – courriente continua
ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINES
(auto). Alternatives to the spark ignition and the diesel combustion engines. Among the more developed designs are the GAS TURBINE and STIRLING ENGINES.
F – substituts aux moteurs a combustion
S – motores de combustion alterna
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES
(gen). Sources of ENERGY different from those generally employed by a user. The term usually refers to RENEWABLE ENERGY sources such as SOLAR ENERGY, WIND ENERGY, GEOTHERMAL POWER, HYDROPOWER, etc. The use of alternative energy sources is attractive because of the [1] high price and limited availability of petroleum-based fuels; [2] the pollution that is associated with the burning of FOSSIL FUELS; and [3] the expense and dangers of nuclear power.
(wind) (impl). A rod or stake driven into the ground, to which GUY WIRES for a WINDMILL TOWER are attached.
F – ancrage
S – ancla
ANDIRON
(impl). Raised metal bars placed on a fireplace hearth to support firewood for burning. Andirons allow air to pass under the burning wood for more EFFICIENT combustion.
F – chenets
S – morillo
ANEMOMETER
(wind) (meas). An instrument for measuring WIND SPEED.
F – anenometre
S – anemometro
ANGLE OF ATTACK
(wind). The angle between the CHORD of an AIRFOIL and the wind. It is considered in WINDMILL ROTOR design.
(alc) (biocon). Free from moisture. The term applies to oxides, SALTS, and other substances that do not contain water.
F – anhydre
S – anhidro
ANHYDROUS ALCOHOL
(alc). ALCOHOL that is almost completely free from water. Alcohol must be ANHYDROUS to be mixed with gasoline to form GASAHOL. Alcohol and water cannot be separated beyond 199.99 PROOF. At that CONCENTRATION, they form an AZEOTROPE and vaporize at the same temperature.
(biocon). The process of directly burning or obtaining ENERGY PRODUCTS from animal wastes.
F – conversion des dechets animaux
S – conversion de los desechos animales
ANNUAL LOAD FRACTION
(sol) (meas). That portion of annual heating that is supplied to a building by SOLAR ENERGY.
F – part de la charge annuelle
S – fraccion de la carga anual
ANNULAR SAIL
(wind) (arc). A ring-like SAIL with radial SHUTTERS.
F – aile annulaire
S – aspa circular
ANTICLOCK SAIL
(wind) (arc). A SAIL ROTOR that runs counterclockwise when observed from the front of the WINDMILL.
F – aile a rotation positive
S – aspa sinistrorsa
AQUATIC BIOMASS
(biocon). BIOMASS grown in fresh or saltwater, including ALGAE, seaweed, etc.
F – biomasse aquatique
S – biomasa acuatica
AQUEDUCT
(hydr). A CHANNEL or trough built to convey water For irrigation, to operate a HYDROPOWER plant, or for household use. The water in aqueducts generally flows by means of gravity, although pumps may also be used.
F – aqueduc
S – acueducto
AQUIFER
(hydr). Any geological formation containing water, especially one that supplies the water for wells, springs, etc.
F – aquifere
S – acuifera
ARTICULATED WINDMILL
(wind) (arc). A WINDMILL constructed to provide maximum EFFICIENCY in winds of various speeds and from different directions.
(elec) (wind). An electrical GENERATOR that produces ALTERNATING CURRENT, matching an existing POWER source so the two sources can be combined to power one LOAD. These generators are often used with WINDMILLS to provide power to buildings that already receive power from an electric utility.
F – generateur asynchrone
S – generador asincronico
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
(gen). The pressure exerted by the Earth’s atmosphere at any given point, generally measured on a scale based on the pressure of air at sea level.
F – pression atmospherique
S – presion atmosferica
ATRIUM
(sol). An unroofed, partially roofed, or fully roofed courtyard or room in a dwelling, which allows sunlight to reach adjoining rooms. It is often used for PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING.
(impl) (alc). A rotating, screw-type device that moves material through a tube. In ALCOHOL production, it is used to transfer grains from storage to the grinding site, and from the grinding site to the COOKER.
F – vrille d’alimentation
S – barrena
AUTOMATIC DAMPER
(impl). A device that automatically maintains the FLOW of hot or cold air into a room.
F – registre automatique
S – regulador de tiro automatico
AUTOMATIC TRACKING
(sol). The use of a device that allows SOLAR COLLECTORS to “track” or follow the sun during the day without manual adjustment.
(gen) (meas). That part of the total ENERGY produced by a system that can be applied usefully. EFFICIENCY is a measure oF available energy.
F – energie disponible
S – energia disponible
AVERAGE WIND SPEED
(wind) (meas). The most common WIND VELOCITY over a specified period of time.
F – vitesse moyenne du vent
S – velocidad promedio del viento
AXIS
(gen). An imaginary line passing through the center of a body, about which the body rotates. (Plural: axes)
F – axe de rotation
S – axis
AXLE
(gen). A supporting member that carries a wheel. It either rotates with the wheel to transmit mechanical POWER, or allows the wheel to rotate freely on it.
F – essieu
S – eje
AZEOTROPE
(chem) (alc). The chemical term for two liquids that, at a certain CONCENTRATION, boil at the same temperature. For example, ETHANOL and water cannot be separated further than 199.9 PROOF because at this concentration they form an azeotrope and vaporize together.
(biocon). A law stating that the VAPOR PRESSURE of a liquid is lowered when a non-VOLATILE substance is dissolved in it. The pressure is lowered by an amount proportional to the CONCENTRATION of the solution.
F – loi de von Babo
S – ley de Babo
BACKPUFFING
(gen). The emission of smoke through cooking holes or other openings in a wood-burning or CHARCOAL stove. It occurs when poor DRAFT in the CHIMNEY causes air to pass back down into the stove.
F – retour de fumee
S – contracorriente de humo
BACK STAYS
(wind) (arc). Support bars across the back of the SAILS of a WINDMILL.
F – galhaubans
S – soporte posterior
BACK WATERING
(hydr). The braking effect caused by the immersion in water of the lowest BLADES of an OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL.
F – frein d’immersion
S – remanso
BACTERIA
(bio). Any of numerous single-celled micro-organisms occurring in a wide variety of forms, existing either as free-living organisms or as parasites, having a wide range of biochemical properties. Bacteria are necessary for DIGESTION and FERMENTATION. (Singular: bacterium)
F – bacteries
S – bacteria
BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION
(biocon). The chemical breakdown of ORGANIC MATTER by micro-organisms.
F – decomposition bacterienne
S – descomposicion bacteriana
BAFFLE
(gen). A metal plate or other artificial obstruction used to check or deflect the FLOW of FLUIDS.
F – deflecteur
S – desviador
BAGASSE
(biocon). The fibrous residue remaining after the extraction of the juice from sugar cane. It may be used as a fuel.
(hydr). A WATER TURBINE with curved BLADES, GUIDE VANES, and a hallow interior. Water passing through it propels the RUNNER both on entering and leaving. This turbine operates well under a wide HEAD range and FLOW rates.
(alc) (chem). Compounds that dissociate in water solution to form HYDROXYL ions. Bases react with ACIDS to form SALTS, and can be used to maintain the proper pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) balance in an ALCOHOL STILL.
F – bases
S – bases
BATCH DIGESTION
(biocon). A process of BIOGAS production in which the material to be digested is loaded into the DIGESTER at the start of the process. A SEED may also be added at this time. The digester is then sealed and the contents left to FERMENT. At completion, the digested SLUDGE is removed and the tank reloaded. Daily gas production varies during the process. It is slow at the start, increases, and finally declines toward the end of the DIGESTION cycle.
F – digestion a charge initiale
S – digestion por tandas
BATCH DISTILLATION
(alc). A batch DISTILLATION process of ALCOHOL production in which the material to be distilled is loaded into a STILL at the start of the process. The entire volume is heated and left to distill. At completion, the distilled MASH is removed and the still reloaded. Daily alcohol production varies during the process. It is slow at the start, increases, and finally declines toward the end of the distillation cycle.
F – distillation a charge initiale
S – destilacion intermitente
BATCH FEED
(gen). A DIGESTER or STILL in which ORGANIC MATTER is loaded, allowed to generate gas or FERMENT, and then removed. The digester or still then is cleaned and prepared for a fresh load of BIOMASS.
(elec). A group of two or more CELLS or ACCUMULATORS electrically connected in series or parallel. Batteries are used to store electrical ENERGY.
F – batterie
S – bateria
BATTERY CUT-OUT
(wind) (impl). An automatic switch that disconnects a BATTERY during its charge if the voltage of the wind charger falls below or rises above that of the battery, within certain limits. A battery cut-out is a battery protection device.
F – coupe-circuit de batterie
S – interruptor de bateria
BEARING
(gen). A machine part that supports and guides a shaft, pivot, or wheel that slides, rotates, or oscillates in or on it.
(chem) (gen). The conversion of ORGANIC WASTE into ENERGY PRODUCTS through the action of micro-organisms. Chemically, this is the reduction of complex organic compounds into simpler, more stable forms.
(biocon). The use of BIOMASS to convert one form of ENERGY into another.
F – conversion biologique de l’energie
S – conversion biologica de energia
BIOMASS
(bio). Plants and plant materials, trees, crop residues, wood and bark residues, and animal manures. Any ORGANIC MATTER that can be used in BIOCONVERSION processes.
F – biomasse
S – biomasa
BIOMASS ENERGY
(biocon). The ENERGY that is released from BIOMASS when it is eaten, burned, or otherwise used as or converted into fuel.
(biocon). Fuels, such as METHANE, produced from BIOMASS.
F – combustibles de la biomasse
S – combustibles de biomasa
BIOMASS YIELD
(biocon) (meas). The amount of BIOMASS that can be produced in a given areA. It usually is expressed in weight units per area measurement per unit of time.
F – production de biomasse
S – produccion de biomasa
BIOMONITORING
(biocon (meas). A pollution-control method in which living organisms are used to test the EFFLUENT from a DIGESTER to determine whether it is safe to discharge the effluent into a body of water. It may also be used to test the quality of waters downstream from a digester discharge point.
F – controle biologique
S – biocontrol
BITUMEN
(fos). Any naturally-occurring hydrocarbon, especially solid hydrocarbons such as asphalt, wax, pitch, and Gilsonite.
F – bitume
S – bitumen
BLACKBODY
(sol). A surface that completely absorbs all SOLAR RADIATION that strikes it.
F – corps noir
S – cuerpo negro
BLADE
(hydr) (impl) (wind). [1] The curved surface of certain types of WATER TURBINES (i.e., CROSS-FLOW TURBINES). Water striking the blades causes the turbine to rotate. Some turbines, such as the PELTON WHEEL, have cups instead of blades. [2] A single, extended surface of a WINDMILL ROTOR.
(gen). A process by which two pieces of metal are joined using a nonferrous alloy with a lower melting point than either of the two metals being joined.
F – brasage
S – soldadura con laton
BREAST BEAM
(wind) (arc). The main lateral beam below the WIND SHAFT.
F – poutrelle maitresse
S – viga de costado
BREAST WHEEL
(hydr). A sophisticated type of WATER WHEEL into which water enters below the top of the wheel and is kept in the BUCKETS until being discharged at or near the lowest point on the wheel. Breast wheels generally operate best with HEADS amounting to less than the diameter of the wheel. High breast wheels (where the water enters above the center shaft) can approach 65 percent ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY. (Syn: breast-shot wheel)
F – roue de poitrine
S – rueda de costado
BREEZE
(wind). In general, any light to moderate wind. (See also: BEAUFORT SCALE)
(fos). A type of fuel that has been finely ground and compressed in pressure molds. It is usually made from low-grade coal, coke, CHARCOAL, or BIOMASS, and is mixed with a binder such as STARCH, tar, cement, pitch, or asphalt.
F – briquette
S – briqueta
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT
(heat) (meas). The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree FAHRENHEIT under stated conditions of temperature and pressure. It is a standard unit for measuring quantity of HEAT ENERGY. Generally abbreviated as BTU.
F – British thermal unit
S – unidad termica britanica
BUBBLE CAP
(alc). A perforated cap on the plates of a DISTILLATION COLUMN, used to ensure that the vapor and condensed liquid mix thoroughly.
F – cloche de barbotage
S – casquete de burbujeo
BUBBLE CHAMBER
(biocon). A safety device attached to a BIOGAS DIGESTER to ensure that the gas is free of air, since an air and gas mixture would be explosive. The gas is “bubbled” through a container of water before being used or stored. If LIMEWATER is used instead of water, the bubble chamber can also be used to SCRUB the gas. In addition, the bubble chamber serves as a SPARK ARRESTER.
(hydr). A chain loop with BUCKETS attached to it at regular intervals. The chain runs over sprocket wheels. As each bucket passes by a water source, water fills the bucket, providing POWER and propelling the chain further along.
F – noria a godets
S – transportador de cangilones
BUFFER CAPACITY
(biocon) (chem). The capacity of a solution to resist pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) changes when small amounts of ACID or ALKALI are added. In the case of DIGESTED SLUDGE, the ammonium and bicarbonate ions are mainly responsible for buffering.
(gen). The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree CELSIUS at ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE.
F – calorie [1]
S – caloria
CAM
(gen). An eccentric projection on a revolving shaft, shaped to produce variable or reciprocating motion in another contacted or engaged part.
F – came
S – leva
CANAL
(gen) (hydr). An artificial watercourse uniting rivers, lakes, or seas for purposes of inland navigation, irrigation, or conveyance of water to a HYDROPOWER device.
F – canal
S – canal
CANISTER
(wind) (arc). A piece of metal placed at the outer end of a ROTOR SPAR to hold the SAIL in place.
(elec) (meas). The total KILOWATT HOURS of ENERGY consumed divided by the total KILOWATTS produced by an electricity-generating plant. Generally calculated on an annual basis.
F – facteur de capacite
S – factor de capacidad
CAPACITY OF THE WIND
(wind) (meas). The total amount of dirt and dust particles of a given kind that can be sustained per unit volume of air by a wind of a given velocity.
F – capacite du vent
S – capacidad del viento
CARBOHYDRATE
(alc) (chem). Sugars, STARCHES, CELLULOSE, and other similar compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only. Carbohydrates are excellent FEEDSTOCK for an ALCOHOL STILL.
F – hydrates de carbone
S – carbohidrato
CARBON-TO-NITROGEN RATIO
(biocon). The proportion of carbon to nitrogen in the material being placed in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. This ratio is important for maintaining biogas production. 25:1 is the optimal C/N ratio.
Material
Nitrogen
Carbon-Nitrogen
Name
Content
Ratio
Cow dung
1.7%
25 to 1
Poultry manure
6.3%
No carbon
Grass
4.0%
12 to 1
Sheep manure
3.75%
No carbon
Urine
15-18%
8 to 1
Wheat straw
0.3%
128 to 1
Potato tops
1.5%
25 to 1
Tomato
3.3%
128 to 1
F – rapport carbone-azote
S – proporcion de carbon a nitrogeno
CARBURETOR
(auto). A device for mixing and controlling the amount of air and fuel supplied to a gasoline engine.
F – carburateur
S – carburador
CASING
(sol). The framework housing the components of a FLAT-PLATE COLLECTOR. It is generally made of metal and lined with material for THERMAL insulation. Inlet and outlet openings are provided.
F – enveloppe
S – envoltura
CATCHMENT APRON
(hydr). A projecting slope on the downstream side of a SLUICE or dam, which is provided to withstand the force of falling water.
F – pente de captage
S – plataforma colectora
CELL
(elec). A device that generates electricity, traditionally consisting of two plates or conducting surfaces placed in an electrolytic FLUID.
(chem) (alc). The main POLYSACCHARIDE in living plants. Cellulose forms the skeletal structure of plant cell walls and can be HYDROLYZED to form GLUCOSE.
(meas). The international temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 [degrees] and boils at 100 [degrees]. To convert from degrees Celsius to degrees FAHRENHEIT, multiply the temperature in degrees Celsius by 9/5 (or 1.8) and add 32. To convert from degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius, subtract 32 from the Fahrenheit temperature and then multiply by 5/9. Abbreviated as C. (Syn: centigrade)
(gen). The inertial force repelling a body away from the center of the curvature of a curved path along which it is moving, or away from the AXIS around which it rotates. The opposite of CENTRIPETAL FORCE.
F – force centrifuge
S – centrifuga, fuerza
CENTRIPETAL FORCE
(gen). A force attracting a body toward the center of the curvature of a curved path along which it is moving, or toward the AXIS around which it rotates. The apposite of CENTRIFUGAL FORCE.
F – force centripete
S – centripeta , fuerza
CHALK ADOBE
(constr). A method of making ADOBE bricks in which chalk is added to the clay, straw, and water. Chalk adobe is useful as a THERMAL MASS.
F – adobe a la chaux
S – mezcla de adobe y creta
CHANNEL
(hydr). The bed of a stream or waterway. (See also: CANAL)
F – chenal [1]
S – cauce
CHARCOAL
(fos) (gen). A dark-colored or black porous form of CARBON made from vegetable or animal substances. Charcoal commonly is made by charring wood in a KILN or RETORT from which air is partially excluded. It is used for FUEL, and in various mechanical, artistic, and chemical processes. By using DISTILLATION and retorts to produce charcoal, several valuable products can be collected that would otherwise be lost, including COMBUSTIBLE GASES, CREOSOTE OIL, METHANOL, soluble tar, and combustible pitch.
(constr). A vertical passage or FLUE through which smoke and gases escape from a stove or fireplace.
F – cheminee
S – chimenea
CHIMNEY CAP
(constr). A cone, usually made of sheet metal, placed pointed end up slightly above the top of a CHIMNEY. It prevents rain and debris from falling into the chimney.
(sol). A vertical window that is placed high in a wall near the eaves for light, HEAT GAIN, and ventilation.
F – lanterneau
S – claraboya
CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM
(sol). A SOLAR HEATING system in which distilled water, antifreeze, and/or corrosion inhibitors are circulated through the COLLECTORS and storage tanks in a closed loop. Heat picked up from the collectors by the circulating FLUIDS is transferred to the water in the storage tanks through the closed loop or other HEAT EXCHANGERS.
(prod). The combustion of coal to form a gas suitable for use as a fuel. This is usually done in a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR.
F – gazeification du charbon
S – gasificacion del carbon
COB ADOBE
(constr). A type of ADOBE in which corn cobs are added to clay, water, and straw. Adobe bricks are reinforced by this addition of cobs during the brick-making process. Cob adobe is a useful THERMAL MASS.
(sol). A device to trap SOLAR RADIATION and convert it into usable heat. The term collector frequently refers to an insulated frame containing a panel made from an ABSORBER PLATE and GLAZING. More broadly, a well-designed building with windows facing the equator may also be considered a collector, as can other solar devices that capture SOLAR RADIATION in the form of heat.
F – coefficient de rendement capteur-echangeur de chaleur
S – factor de eficiencia del colector-termoextractor
COLLECTOR PLATE
(sol). A metal sheet in a SOLAR COLLECTOR whose primary function is to absorb as much as possible of the SOLAR RADIATION reaching it through the GLAZING, while losing as little heat as possible as it transfers the retained heat to the HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM.
(sol). A series of lenses or mirrors used to concentrate SOLAR RADIATION onto PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS, which convert the sunlight into electricity. The concentrated sunlight increases the output of each cell, thus reducing the total number of cells required to produce a given amount of electricity. (See also: PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY)
(gen). The amount of a substance contained in a FLUID per unit volume.
F – concentration
S – concentracion
CONDENSER
(gen) (impl). A device used to change a vapor into a liquid. This can be done either by exposing to air a tube that contains vapor, or by passing the tube through a WATER JACKET.
F – condenseur
S – condensador
CONDUCTION
(heat). Heat transfer from direct contact between a hot body and a cold body.
(biocon). The continuous feeding of BIOMASS into a BIOGAS DIGESTER, with the removal of an equivalent volume of EFFLUENT. The process is usually started with the addition of a SEED. It may take several DETENTION TIMES before the process becomes steady. For many purposes, this is a more EFFICIENT and convenient process than BATCH DIGESTION. Processes involving daily addition and removal are more properly described as semi-continuous.
F – digestion en continu
S – digestion continua
CONTINUOUS FLOW DIGESTER
(biocon). A DIGESTER into which BIOMASS may be loaded and gas and EFFLUENT recovered without discontinuing digestion.
(alc). An ALCOHOL STILL into which MASH may be loaded and ALCOHOL recovered without discontinuing alcohol production.
F – alambic a distillation continue
S – alambique continuo
CONTROLLED BURNING ATMOSPHERE
(fos). An atmosphere in which oil or natural gas is burned with just enough oxygen to prevent all the carbon from being consumed. The recovered carbon may be used as a fuel.
F – atmosphere a combustion controlee
S – atmosfera de combustion controlada
CONVECTION
(heat). The transfer of heat between one location or surface and another by the motion of a heat-carrying FLUID. Also, the transfer of heat within a fluid by movements within the fluid.
F – convection
S – conveccion
CONVECTION AIR COOLER
(refrig). A non-electric cooler that depends on the natural circulation of air.
F – refroidisseur par convection d’air
S – enfriador de aire por conveccion
CONVERSION PROCESS
(gen). A process through which ENERGY is converted from one form to another, such as RADIANT ENERGY into heat or electric energy.
F – conversion
S – proceso de conversion
COOKER
(alc). A heated tank with an AGITATOR that heats the MASH as part of the ALCOHOL production process.
F – chaudiere de cuisson
S – caldera de coccion
COOKING
(alc). A heating and stirring process that breaks down STARCH granules, thus making the starch available for the liquefaction and SACCHARIFICATION steps of the ALCOHOL manufacturing process.
F – cuisson
S – coccion
COOK STOVE
(biocon). An apparatus in which fuel is burned to produce heat for cooking.
(sol). The transparent material placed over a COLLECTOR-ABSORBER PLATE so that heat loss to the atmosphere is reduced and a greater fraction of the SOLAR RADIATION is collected as useable heat.
F – plaque de couverture
S – placa revestidora
CREOSOTE OIL
(gen). A by-product from CHARCOAL production by DISTILLATION. It may be used as a preservative to protect wood from termites, moisture, etc.
(wind). A type of HORIZONTAL AXIS SAIL ROTOR WINDMILL generally having four fixed, triangular SAILS. Cretan windmills are used primarily for low-lift water pumping.
F – moulin a vent cretois
S – molino de viento cretano
CROSS
(wind) (arc). A cruciform iron support for the sail assembly, used as an alternative to the POLL END.
(hydr). In hydraulic systems, a short, hollow metal tube containing a piston, piston rod, and end seals, and fitted with a system to allow the entrance and exit of FLUIDS.
(hydr). A structure that detains the FLOW of water in an open CHANNEL or watercourse. POWER dams raise the level of streams or rivers to create or concentrate HEAD for power purposes.
F – barrage
S – represa
DAMPER
(heat). A movable plate or other device for regulating the air-FLOW and burning rate in a stove. It is often located either inside the stove or in the FLUE pipe.
(constr) (sol). An empty area within the walls of a building in which the air remains motionless and acts as insulation. Dead air space may be included in a SOLAR COLLECTOR between the ABSORBER PLATE and the GLAZING, between glazings, and in the CASING.
F – espace d’air inerte
S – espacio de aire no renovado
DEAD CURB
(wind) (arc). A ledge supporting the CAP of a WINDMILL without the interposition of WHEELS or ROLLERS.
F – chemin dormant
S – reborde
DEADMAN
(wind). A log or a mass of concrete or steel buried in the ground, to which GUY WIRES for supporting towers and poles are attached.
F – point fixe d’ammarage
S – macizo de anclaje
DECOMPOSITION
(bio) (chem). Decay of ORGANIC MATTER due to the action of BACTERIA. Also the separation of a substance into its component parts by chemical action.
F – decomposition
S – descomposicion
DEEP CYCLE BATTERY
(elec) (wind). A BATTERY that can be fully charged and discharged without shortening its life. They are often used with WIND GENERATORS.
F – batterie a cycle profond
S – bateria de gran ciclo
DEGREE DAY COOLING
(gen) (meas). A measurement used to evaluate the summer cooling requirements of a given location. Each degree that the daily temperature is above 75 [degrees] F (24 [degrees] C), one cooling degree day is counted.
F – degre-jour de refroidissement
S – enfriamiento de grado-dia
DEGREE DAY HEATING
(gen) (meas). A measurement used to determine the winter heating requirements of a given location. Each degree that the daily temperature is below 65 [degrees] F (19 [degrees] C) is a heating degree day.
F – degre-jour de chauffage
S – calefaccion de grado-dia
DEHYDRATION
(gen). The removal of moisture from a substance.
F – deshydratation
S – deshidratacion
DENATURE
(alc). The process of adding a substance, often METHANOL, to ETHANOL to make it unfit for human consumption.
(bio). The reservoir area in a BIOGAS DIGESTER in which DIGESTION of ORGANIC MATTER takes place. It usually has some gas holding capacity, and provides For the collection and removal of SCUM and SLUDGE.
(alc). An evaporation and recondensation process by which liquids are separated into various fractions according to their boiling points. ETHANOL is separated by distillation from MASH and water.
(alc). A by-product of ETHANOL production. Once ethanol has been driven from the MASH in an ALCOHOL STILL, the remaining solids are known as distiller’s grain. When dried, these grains can be used as high protein animal feed. The dried distiller’s grain commonly is abbreviated as DDG. (Syn: BREWER‘S DRIED GRAIN)
(sol). [1] A cover for a SOLAR COLLECTOR that is made from two layers of GLAZING materials. [2] Double-glass windows designed to serve as insulation for buildings.
(alc) (impl). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL. When water is separated from ALCOHOL during DISTILLATION, the water falls toward the bottom of the STILL COLUMN through a pipe called a downcomer.
F – deversoir
S – tubo de descenso
DOWNDRAFT
(gen) (prod). [1] A type of PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR in which air and gas FLOWS from the top of the COMBUSTION ZONE down through to the bottom. [2] KILNS or other types of ovens and stoves in which CONVECTION or combustion air flows down through the device.
(wind). A WIND MACHINE that rotates by being pushed by the wind instead of by being driven by LIFT forces. This is generally a slow-moving device.
F – eolienne a trainee
S – aerogenerador del tipo de arrastre
DRAIN DOWN SOLAR COLLECTOR
(sol). A SOLAR COLLECTOR that will automatically drain itself to protect against freezing.
F – capteur solaire a evacuation automatique
S – colector solar con drenaje
DRY BIOMASS
(gen). Moisture-free BIOMASS. It is valuable because it can be conveniently stored for long periods of time. (See also: DRY ORGANIC WASTE)
F – biomasse seche
S – biomasa seca
DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE
(meas). The temperature of air as indicated by a standard thermometer, as contrasted with WET-BULB TEMPERATURE that depends on atmospheric humidity. This measure of AMBIENT temperature is used in designing PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING systems.
F – temperature au thermometre sec
S – temperatura de bola seca
DRY DIGESTION
(biocon). DIGESTION in which more than 10 percent of the SLURRY is solid material.
F – digestion seche
S – digestion seca
DRYING BED
(biocon). An area prepared for drying EFFLUENT after it hs been removed from a METHANE DIGESTER. Dried effluent can be used as fertilizer or as animal feed.
F – lit de sechage
S – lecho secador
DRY ORGANIC WASTE
(gen). ORGANIC WASTE that is free from moisture. This type of waste can be stored for long periods before being used as a fuel or fertilizer. (See also: DRY BIOMASS)
F – dechets organiques secs
S – desperdicios organicos secos
DRY SLURRY
(biocon). SLURRY that is more than 10 percent solid material.
F – boue seche
S – fango seco
DRY STEAM
(geo). An ENERGY source obtained when hot water boils in an underground reservoir. As the steam rises, some of it condenses on surrounding rack. The uncondensed steam that reaches the surface is called dry steam, and may be tapped and used in STEAM TURBINES.
F – vapeur seche
S – vapor seco
DUAL-FUEL ENGINE
(auto) (gen). A gasoline or diesel engine equipped to operate on an alternative fuel, either alternately or in combination (e.g., gasoline-BIOGAS, diesel-biogas, gasoline-WOOD GAS, diesel-wood gas).
F – moteur polycarburant
S – motor a doble combustible
DUNG
(bio). Manure, usually without urine. Dried dung can be burned directly as a fuel or used as a fertilizer.
(elec). A device for converting mechanical ENERGY into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction. Dynamos are often adapted to be driven by WINDMILLS. (See also: ALTERNATOR)
F – dynamo
S – dinamo
DYNAPOD
(gen) (impl). A pedal-operated POWER source. It is used to drive a variety of machines and devices.
(heat). A relatively inefficient KILN made by mounding earth over the materials to be burned. Used in traditional CHARCOAL production.
F – meule a charbon de bois
S – horno de tierra
ECCENTRIC WHEEL
(gen). A wheel in which the axle is not at the center point, but slightly off-center.
F – roue excentrique
S – rueda excentrica
ECONOMIZER
(heat). A HEAT EXCHANGER that recovers heat from FLUE gases and uses it to heat feedwater or combustion air.
F – economiseur
S – economizador
EFFECTIVENESS
(heat) (meas). The ratio of actual heat transfer in a HEAT EXCHANGER to the maximum possible heat transfer.
F – efficacite
S – eficacia
EFFICIENCY
(gen). The ratio of the ENERGY output to the energy input. Efficiency is usually expressed as a percentage.
F – rendement
S – eficiencia
EFFLUENT
(biocon). [1] SLURRY that has been removed from a BIOGAS PLANT. [2] Liquid sewage after having passed through any stage in its purification.
F – effluent
S – efluente
EMISSIVITY
(sol). The ratio of RADIANT ENERGY emitted by a body to that emitted by a perfect BLACKBODY. A perfect blackbody has an emissivity of one; a perfect REFLECTOR, an emissivity of zero.
F – emissivite
S – emisividad
EMITTANCE
(sol) (meas). A rating of the ability of a material to give off heat as RADIANT ENERGY.
F – emittance
S – emitancia
ENERGY
(gen). The capacity of a body to do work; POWER in action.
F – energie
S – energia
ENERGY CAPABILITY OF AN ELECTRICITY-PRODUCING DEVICE
(gen) (meas). The maximum amount of electricity that an electricity-producing device may produce under the best conditions during a given period. ENERGY capability is determined by the mechanical EFFICIENCY of the device.
F – capacite energetique d’un dispositif produisant du courant
S – capacidad energetica de un aparato productor de electricidad
ENERGY CONSERVATION
(gen). Practices and measures that increase the EFFICIENCY with which ENERGY is used or produced.
F – conservation de l’energie
S – conservacion de energia
ENERGY CONSUMPTION
(gen). The amount of ENERGY consumed in the form in which it is obtained by the user. This term excludes electrical generation and distribution losses. It also is called net energy consumption.
F – consommation d’energie
S – consumo de energia
ENERGY CONVERSION
(gen). The act of changing ENERGY from one form to another (e.g., WIND ENERGY to mechanical energy).
Mechanical -> Electrical
Wind Generator 40%
Water Turbine 68-93%
Steam Power Plant 40%
Mechanical -> Mechanical
Windmill 20-30%
Waterwheel 70-85%
Solar -> Thermal
Flat Collector 40-60%
Concentrator 80-90%
Chemical -> Thermal
Wood Combustion Burner 85% maximum
Chemical -> Electrical
Battery 80%
(Storage)
Chemical -> Chemical
Biogas Digester 40-60%
F – conversion de l’energie
S – conversion de energia
ENERGY PATTERN FACTOR
(wind). The ratio of the available ENERGY in all of the winds in a particular location over a certain period of time to the energy that would be available if the WIND SPEED over that period of time were constant at the mean wind speed over that period of time.
F – coefficient de diagramme energetique
S – factor energetico del viento
ENERGY PRODUCTS
(gen). Fuels that can be used to generate ENERGY. Also, the by-products that result when fuels are produced.
F – combustibles energetiques
S – productos energeticos
ENERGY STORAGE
(gen) (meas). The ability to convert ENERGY into other forms, such as heat or a chemical reaction, so that it can be retrieved for later use. Also the development, design, construction, and operation of devices for storing energy until needed. The technology includes devices such as batteries, pumped storage for hydroelectric generation and compressed gas.
(sol). Increasing the amount of sunlight transmitted through the GLAZING in a SOLAR COLLECTOR through the use of a REFLECTOR.
F – renforcement
S – intensificacion
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS
(alc). The use of ENZYMES to convert STARCH into simple sugars. This is a stage in the production of ETHANOL.
F – saccharification enzymatique
S – hidrolisis enzimica
ENZYMES
(chem) (alc). Organic substances that are produced in the cells of living organisms, and which cause specific chemical changes. Enzymes are produced by BACTERIA or FUNGI and are used in the liquefication and SACCHARIFICATION steps of ALCOHOL production.
F – enzymes
S – enzimas
EOLIAN
(wind). Of, relating to, formed by, or deposited by the wind or air currents. (Syn: Aeolian)
F – eolien, eolienne
S – eolico
EQUINOX
(sol). Either of two times of year when the sun passes over the celestial equator and when the length of day and night are almost equal.
(heat). Heat storing salts that melt at a relatively low temperature. They absorb large quantities of heat when they do melt. Heat is released when the salts freeze.
(refrig). The exchange of heat from air to a water spray or wet surface through a reversible THERMODYNAMIC process. Air passing through the water is cooled as the water evaporates. The process can be reversed by condensing the vapor on a cool surface.
F – refroidissement par evaporation
S – enfriamiento evaporante
EXCESS AIR
(heat). Air that passes through a COMBUSTION ZONE in excess of the quantity theoretically required for complete combustion.
F – exces d’air
S – aire excesivo
EXTRATERRESTRIAL SOLAR RADIATION
(sol) (meas). The amount of SOLAR RADIATION that would strike a surface if that surface were outside the Earth’s atmosphere. (See also: CLEARNESS INDEX)
(meas). The temperature scale in which water freezes at 32 oF and boils at 212 oF. Temperatures of the Fahrenheit scale can be converted to equivalent temperatures on the CELSIUS or Centigrade scale by first subtracting 32 degrees from the Fahrenheit temperature, then multiplying the result by 5/9 according to the formula: .
F – Fahrenheit
S – Fahrenheit
FALL WIND
(wind). A strong, cold, downhill wind.
F – vent catabatique
S – racha de viento
FANTAIL
(wind) (arc). A small, secondary ROTOR set at a right angle to the main ROTOR of a WINDMILL to provide the motive POWER to turn the CAP to face the wind.
F – gouvernail
S – timon
FARM WINDMILL
(wind). A multi-BLADED WINDMILL that is based on an Early American design and is used primarily for water pumping.
(wind) (impl). A mechanism on a WINDMILL that automatically turns the BLADES out of the wind when winds are too strong. This slows the windmill, protecting it from damage in high winds.
(alc) (chem). [1] A biological sequence of ENZYMATIC reactions that convert sugars to carbon dioxide and ALCOHOL in the absence of FREE OXYGEN. The term generally refers to metabolism in the absence of oxygen. [2] The process by which YEAST changes sugar to ALCOHOL in the absence of air. [3] The process of chemical change in ORGANIC MATTER brought about by living organisms.
F – fermentation
S – fermentacion
FERMENTATION PERIOD
(gen) (meas). The length of time required for a substance to FERMENT.
F – duree de fermentation
S – periodo de fermentacion
FERMENTATION TANK
(alc). The container in which FERMENTATION takes place in an ETHANOL production operation.
(wind). The geographic area over which the wind passes shortly before reaching a WIND MACHINE. It is considered in the selection of a site for a wind-powered device.
F – portee du vent
S – extension expuesta
FIRE BACK
(constr). A metal plate set in a CHIMNEY to control the back DRAFT of flames.
(constr). A type of brick with a high melting point that is used to line FLUES, CHIMNEYS, furnaces, and fireplaces.
F – brique refractaire
S – ladrillo refractario
FIXED-DOME DIGESTER
(biocon). A BIOGAS DIGESTER in which the gasholder is an integral part of the digester, rather than a FLOATING GAS CAP. This type of digester is usually used to produce fertilizer. METHANE is considered a by-product.
F – digesteur a dome fixe
S – digestor de sombrerete fijo
FLAT BLACK PAINT
(sol). A nonglossy black paint with a relatively high ABSORPTANCE.
(biocon). A lid over a BIOGAS DIGESTER that rises or falls with the production of METHANE.
F – cloche a gaz flottante
S – sombrerete movible
FLOW
(gen). The volume of a substance passing a point per unit time (e.g., meters per second, gallons per hour, etc.)
F – debit
S – flujo
FLOW DESIGN
(hydr) (meas). The FLOW rate at which a TURBINE is designed to operate.
F – debit nominal
S – diseno de flujo
FLUE
(const). A passageway in a CHIMNEY that vents gases produced during combustion. The flue opening can be regulated to control the DRAFT in the oven or stove, thus changing the rate of combustion.
F – carneau
S – conducto de humos
FLUE GAS DRYING
(heat). THERMAL drying using gases in a FLUE as the source of heat.
F – sechage au gaz de carneau
S – secado por gases del conducto
FLUID
(gen). Any substance that FLOWS, such as a liquid or gas. Fluids differ from solids in that they cannot resist changes in their shape when acted upon by a force.
F – fluide
S – fluido
FLUIDIZED BED GASSIFIER
(prod). A type of PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR in which air FLOWS upward through a bed of suitably-sized fuel particles fast enough to buoy the particles and give them an appearance of great agitation. The fuel particles generally are small. This type of combustion reduces the sulphur-dioxide emissions when coal is burned.
F – gazogene a lit fluidise
S – gasificador en lecho fluidizado
FLUME
(hydr). [1] A HEAD RACE in the form of a trough or CHANNEL that carries water to a WATER WHEEL. [2] A waterway, usually made of wood and often supported on a trestle, that conveys water to be used for POWER, transportation, etc.
F – [1] coursier; [2] canal d’amenee
S – canaleta
FLYWHEEL
(gen) (impl). A rotating element attached to the shaft of a machine to maintain uniform angular velocity and revolutions per minute.
F – volant
S – volante
FOCUSING COLLECTOR
(sol). A type of SOLAR COLLECTOR that focuses the sun’s rays on a sinqle point.
F – capteur a concentration [2]
S – colector enfocante
FOLD-UP REFLECTOR
(sol). A portable type of folding mirror used in SOLAR COOKERS to reflect sunlight.
F – reflecteur pliant
S – reflector plegable
FOOT-POUND
(gen) (meas). The amount of ENERGY required to lift one pound of a substance one foot.
F – pied-livre
S – libra-pie
FORCED CONVECTION
(heat). The use of a pump or blower to control the FLOW of heat into a heated FLUID (e.g. circulating warm air in a room or dwelling with a pump or blower).
F – convection forcee
S – conveccion forzada
FOSSIL FUELS
(fos). Nonrenewable, naturally-occurring fuels from ORGANIC MATTER. These include coal, crude oil, and natural gas.
F – combustibles fossiles
S – combustibles fosiles
FRACTIONATING COLUMN
(alc). A vertical tube or column attached to an ALCOHOL STILL that is usually filled with packing or intersected with plates. An internal REFLUX results in a separation between the high and low boiling fractions inside the column. Those with the lowest boiling point DISTILL out. (See also: DISTILLATION COLUMN)
F – colonne de fractionnement
S – columna de fraccionar
FRANCIS TURBINE
(hydr). A WATER TURBINE that operates on a low or medium HEAD and is often installed in large HYDROELECTRIC plants. Water enters the turbine radially and leaves axially.
F – turbine de Francis
S – turbina Francis
FREE OXYGEN
(bio). Oxygen in the atmosphere, which can be extracted at no cost. Conversely, oxygen extracted at a cost would cause the substance from which the oxygen molecules were taken to DECOMPOSE.
(sol). A type of lens built up from a number of narrow concentric segments. It is used in SOLAR CONCENTRATORS.
F – lentille de Fresnel
S – lente de Fresnel
FRICTION
(gen). Surface resistance to relative motion, which slows down movement and causes heat.
F – frottement
S – friccion
FRICTION HEAD
(hydr). HEAD or ENERGY lost due to FRICTION created by the contact between a moving stream of water and the conduit through which it is moving. In pipes, the friction head is also caused by bends in the pipelines, changes in the pipe diameter, valves, and couplings.
(heat) (meas). The ratio of heat produced by a fuel for doing work to the available heat of the fuel. Fuel EFFICIENCY is determined by the nonheat-forming materials in the fuel and the nonwork-producing heat that is developed by the fuel.
F – rendement du combustible
S – eficiencia del combustible
FUELWOOD
(heat). Any type of wood that can be used to fuel a fire.
F – bois de chauffe
S – lena
FULL SAIL
(wind) (arc). A COMMON SAIL with the cloth fully spread.
F – aile deployee
S – aspa completamente estirada
FUNGUS
(bio). One of numerous plants in the division of Thallophyta characterized by a lack of chlorophyll, including YEAST, molds, and mushrooms. Fungi do not require FREE OXYGEN to survive. (Plural: fungi)
F – champignon
S – hongo
FURLING
(wind). Rollinq up and tying back SAILS of a WINDMILL to keep the ROTOR from turning.
(biocon). The second stage of BIOGAS generation, during which METHANE ([CH.sub.4]) is produced.
F – digestion de gaz
S – digestion de gas
GASHOLDER
(biocon). (1) A container for holding the BIOGAS produced in a DIGESTER. The size of the holder depends on the rates of gas production and gas use. (See also: FLOATING GAS CAP)
F – gazometre
S – gasometro
GASIFICATION
(prod). The conversion of wood or coal to COMBUSTIBLE GAS without leaving a combustible residue.
F – gazeification
S – gasificacion
GASIFIER
(prod). A special type of furnace in which the air supply to the COMBUSTION ZONE is carefully metered. This promotes the production of COMBUSTIBLE GASES as wood or coal are burned.
F – gazogene
S – gasificador
GAS PRODUCTION RATE
(biocon) (meas). The quantity of METHANE generated per unit of time. It generally is expressed as cubic feet/day or cubic meters/day. The figure should be quoted under standard conditions of temperature and pressure.
(biocon). The maximum amount of METHANE that a BIOGAS DIGESTER is able to store. The amount generally is expressed in cubic feet or cubic meters.
F – capacite de stockage de gaz
S – capacidad de almacenamiento de gas
GAS TURBINE
(auto). An ALTERNATIVE COMBUSTION ENGINE in which a gas, under pressure or formed by combustion, is directed against the BLADES of a TURBINE. The ENERGY in the expanding gas is thereby converted into useful mechanical energy.
F – turbine a gaz
S – turbina de gas
GEAR RATIO
(gen) (meas). The number of revolutions required of one gear to turn another gear, which generally is of a different size.
F – demultiplication
S – relacion de los engranajes
GENERATOR
(elec) (impl). A device that converts mechanical ENERGY into electrical energy.
(geo). A GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR consisting of porous sands that contain water or BRINE at high temperatures and pressure.
F – reservoir sous geopression
S – tanque de presion geotermica
GEOTHERMAL
(geo). Of or relating to the heat of the Earth’s interior.
F – geothermique
S – geotermico
GEOTHERMAL FIELD
(geo). A geographical region with known GEOTHERMAL POWER sources that might be tapped to produce ENERGY.
F – zone geothermique
S – zona geotermica
GEOTHERMAL POWER
(geo). ENERGY obtained from GEOTHERMAL sources. Geothermal power is tapped in three ways: by using hot water, steam, or DRY STEAM. Each may be used to drive a TURBINE.
(geo). Natural steam or hot water spouts in active GEOTHERMAL regions.
F – geyser
S – geiser
GIN POLE
(wind). A long board or pipe used to improve the leverage in lifting a TOWER for a WINDMILL.
F – fleche de levage
S – mastil grua
GLAZING
(impl) (sol). A transparent sheet that admits sunlight to a SOLAR COLLECTOR and then inhibits the escape of heat. Commonly used glazing materials include ACETATE, acrylic, fiber-reinforced plastics, and glass.
(gen) (impl). A device that regulates the speed of an engine or other device under varying conditions of load and pressure. Also a device for regulating the FLOW or pressure of a FLUID passing through a device.
(wind) (impl). A cable that stabilizes a structure and keeps it in position. For example, wires attached to a WINDMILL TOWER so that it cannot move or shake from the force of the wind.
(ani). The gear or tackle, other than a YOKE, used on draft animals to pull a vehicle or drive an implement. It differs from a yoke, which joins together draft animals.
F – harnais
S – arnes
HEAD
(hydr) (meas). [1] The vertical distance from the point where water enters an intake to the point where the water leaves a HYDROPOWER device. It is generally measured in feet or meters. The product of the head times the FLOW is a measurement of potential POWER. [2] The vertical distance a liquid must be pumped from its source to its point of use or storage.
F – chute d’eau [1]-[2]
S – altura
HEADER
(sol). The pipe that runs across the top of an ABSORBER PLATE to gather or distribute HEAT TRANSFER FLUID from or to the grid pipes that run across the absorber surface. Some headers run along the bottom of the absorber plate.
(heat) (impl). A device, such as a coiled copper tube immersed in a tank of water which is used to transfer heat from one FLUID to another through a separating wall. A CONDENSER is one type of heat exchanger.
F – echangeur de chaleur
S – termopermutador
HEAT GAIN
(heat). The increase of heat in a space resulting from DIRECT RADIATION and from the heat given off by such other sources as THERMAL MASS, a stove, a fireplace, humans, or animals.
F – apport de chaleur
S – ganancia calorifica
HEATING VALUE
(heat) (meas). The amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a specific amount of fuel. This is a measure of FUEL EFFICIENCY.
F – pouvoir calorifique
S – valor calorifico
HEAT LOSS
(heat). An unwanted decrease in the amount of heat contained in a space. Heat is usually lost through CONVECTION.
F – perte de chaleur
S – perdida calorifica
HEAT PUMP
(heat) (impl). A mechanical device that transfers heat from a heat source to a HEAT SINK. This process causes the source to cool and the sink to become warmer.
F – pompe a chaleur
S – bomba calorifica
HEAT RATE TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
(heat) (meas). The rate at which heat is transferred per hour, per unit surface, per degree of temperature difference.
F – coefficient de transmission de chaleur
S – coeficiente de transferencia del consumo calorifico
(sol) (impl). A solar-focusing instrument consisting of a mirror mounted on an AXIS that is moved by clockwork. The heliostat reflects sunbeams in one direction, usually to a central ABSORBER located in a TOWER.
F – heliostat
S – heliostato
HELIOTHERMAL
(sol). [1] A process that uses SOLAR RADIATION to produce heat. [2] A device that absorbs RADIATION on a blackened surface and converts it into heat.
F – heliothermique
S – heliotermico
HELIOTHERMAL PROCESS
(sol). A process by which SOLAR ENERGY is used to provide THERMAL ENERGY for space heating, space cooling, and domestic water heating.
F – processus heliothermique
S – proceso heliotermico
HELIOTHERMOMETER
(sol) (meas). An instrument that measures heat from the sun.
F – heliothermometre
S – heliotermometro
HELIOTROPIC
(sol) (impl). Turning toward light. It describes devices that TRACK the sun, following its movement across the sky.
(gen). A unit of POWER equal to 33,000 FOOT POUNDS per minute, 550 foot pounds per second, or 746 WATTS.
F – cheval-vapeur
S – potencia util
HOT DRY ROCK
(geo) A system for using GEOTHERMAL POWER. A hole is drilled and the deep rock cracked. This may be done hydraulically, as is done in conventional oil fields, or with explosives. Water is injected into the fractured rock, allowed to heat, and then withdrawn as steam for use as an ENERGY source.
(sol) (meas). The angular displacement of the sun east or west of the local meridian due to the rotation of the Earth on its AXIS at 15 [degrees] per hour (morning [+] afternoon [-]).
F – angle horaire
S – angulo hora
HUB EXTENSION
(wind). A piece of pipe that sticks out from the front of the hub of a ROTOR on a WINDMILL. It provides a place to attach GUY WIRES to strengthen the BLADES or SAILS.
F – rallonge de moyeu
S – extension del cubo
HUMIDIFIER
(gen). A mechanical means for increasing the relative humidity in an enclosed area by injecting water vapor into the air.
F – humidificateur
S – humidificador
HUMUS
(biocon). Well-decomposed organic soil material consisting of the residues from plant and animal matter together with the cell substances of soil organisms and various inorganic materials.
F – humus
S – humus
HYBRID GENERATOR
(biocon). A two-stage BIOGAS DIGESTER design consisting of a larger batch-fed, ACID-producing, cold phase, and a smaller CONTINUOUS-FEED, METHANE-producing, heated phase. Alternatively, any digester that separates acid and methane production.
F – generateur hybride
S – generador hibrido
HYBRID POWER SYSTEM
(gen). A system, such as one might find within a home, that derives its heating, lighting, and other ENERGY from several interconnected sources. One or more of these sources generally would come from RENEWABLE ENERGY.
(chem). A solid material resulting from the combination under pressure of a gas with water.
F – hydrate
S – hidrato
HYDRAULIC RAM
(hydr) (impl). A water pump that uses the ENERGY of descending water to raise a part of the water to a height greater than that of the source. It requires no other power than the energy from the descending water.
F – belier hydraulique
S – ariete hidraulico
HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME
(biocon) (meas). The number of days an average volume of SLURRY remains in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F – duree de retention hydraulique
S – periodo de retention hidraulica
HYDROELECTRIC
(hydr). Relative to a system in which the potential ENERGY of falling water is harnessed by releasing it from DAMS or through a PENSTOCK downward through WATER TURBINES.
F – hydro-electrique
S – hidroelectrico
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
(hydr). The cycle in which water passes through different states. It begins as atmospheric water vapor. It then becomes a liquid through precipitation. Next it flows along the ground surface, where it is useful as an energy source. Finally, it returns to its original form through evaporation and transpiration.
F – cycle hydrologique
S – ciclo hidrologico
HYDROLOGY
(hydr). The science of water systems on or beneath the Earth’s surface.
F – hydrologie
S – hidrologia
HYDROLYSIS
(alc) (chem). The chemical process that breaks complex organic molecules into simple molecules. For example, STARCH and CELLULOSE can be hydrolyzed by ACIDS or ENZYMES to produce simple sugars, which can be FERMENTED to form ETHANOL.
F – hydrolyse
S – hidrolisis
HYDROMETER
(impl) (meas). An instrument used to determine the density or SPECIFIC GRAVITY of FLUIDS.
F – hydrometre
S – hidrometro
HYDROPOWER
(hydr). POWER produced by falling water. The term is used to identify a type of electricity-generating station or any energy output in which the main mover is driven by FLOWing water.
F – puissance hydraulique
S – potencia hidraulica
HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
(hydr). A system in which the potential ENERGY of FLOWing water is used to create electricity or to mechanically drive machines, by impounding it behind DAMS and then diverting it through a CHANNEL to a WATER TURBINE.
F – systeme de puissance hydraulique
S – sistema de potencia hidraulica
HYDROXYL
(biocon). A monovalent group consisting of a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom linked together. Most BASES contain hydroxyl groups. (See also: BASE)
F – hydroxyle
S – hidroxilo
HYGROMETER
(impl) (meas) (sol). A device for measuring the humidity of the air. It is used in designing SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING systems.
(geo). Rock systems in GEOTHERMAL regions where the heat is contained almost entirely in impermeable rock.
F – roche seche impermeable
S – roca seca impermeable
IMPULSE TURBINE
(hydr). A TURBINE driven by high velocity JETS of water or steam that are produced by forcing the water or steam through a nozzle.
F – turbine a action
S – turbina de impulsion
INCIDENT ANGLE
(sol) (hydr). [1] The angle between the sun’s rays and a line perpendicular (normal) to the irradiated surface. The incident angle determines both the intensity of the DIRECT RADIATION component striking the surface and the ability of the surface to reflect, transmit, or ABSORB the sun’s rays. [2] In the case of HYDROPOWER devices, the angle between the water intake and a line perpendicular to the BUCKETS.
F – angle d’incidence
S – angulo incidente
INCIDENT RADIATION
(sol) (meas). The quantity of RADIANT ENERGY striking a surface per unit time and unit area.
(elec) (wind). A common type of motor, which, when modified slightly and driven by the rotary action of a WINDMILL or TURBINE, provides ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac).
F – moteur a induction
S – motor de induccion
INFILTRATION
(heat). The unchecked movement of outdoor air into a building through cracks around windows and doors or in walls, roofs, and floors. Infiltration generally refers to cold air during the winter and hot air during the summer.
(sol). Electromagnetic RADIATION from the sun or a warm body that has wavelengths longer than the red end of the visible spectrum. Infrared radiation is experienced as heat.
(biocon). A sample of partially DIGESTED SLURRY, and its associated BACTERIA, that is added at the start of DIGESTION to a BIOGAS DIGESTER. It provides sufficient micro-organisms for the digestion process to proceed at a satisfactory rate. Without this seeding, there generally is a prolonged wait before a digester begins producing gas. (Syn: seed)
F – inoculum
S – inoculum
INSOLATION
(sol). The rate at which ENERGY from the sun reaches the Earth’s surface. Insolation generally is measured in BTU/square feet (meters)/day.
F – insolation
S – insolacion
INSULATED STEAM COOKER
(sol). A small, insulated cooking box in which steam acts as the heating agent. Water heated to steam by a SOLAR COLLECTOR flows into the box, condenses, and drips back into the COLLECTOR.
F – rechaud a vapeur isole
S – cocinilla aislada de vapor
INTEGRATED HEATING
(sol). A method of SOLAR HEATING in which SOLAR RADIATION is intercepted and absorbed by a massive exterior wall or roof pond, which usually doubles as a heat storage container. Heat flows to the rooms by CONDUCTION, or natural CONVECTION. This is a form of PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING.
F – chauffage integre
S – calefaccion solar integrada
INTEGRATED SYSTEM
(biocon). A system in which the outputs of one activity are used as inputs in other related activities. For example, a BIOGAS system in which the EFFLUENT is used as a nutrient to enrich an aquaculture environment. In exchange, BIOMASS from the aquaculture may be used as INFLUENT to the DIGESTER.
(meas). A unit of ENERGY or work equal to one WATT per second or 0.737 foot pounds.
F- Joule
S- Joule
S LAW
(gen) (heat). The law stating that: [1] The rate at which heat is produced by a steady current in any part of an electric circuit is jointly proportional to the resistance and to the square of the current. [2] The internal ENERGY of an ideal gas depends only on its temperature regardless of volume and pressure.
F – loi de Joule
S – ley de Joule
JUMPER
(elec). A length of wire, usually with clips on each end, for making temporary electrical connections.
(hydr). A propeller-type of WATER TURBINE with variable pitch BLADES that adjust automatically in accordance with the HEAD.
F – turbine de Kaplan
S – turbina Kaplan
KENAF
(biocon). An annual East Indian plant, which may be used effectively in BIOGAS production.
F – kenaf
S – hibiscus cannabinus
KILN
(heat). A high temperature oven, furnace, or heated enclosure used to process a substance by burning, firing, or drying. Kilns often are described by the direction that air passes through them (i.e., UPDRAFT or DOWNDRAFT).
F – four
S – horno
KILOWATT
(elec). A unit of POWER equal to 1,000 WATTS or to ENERGY consumption at a rate of 1,000 JOULES per second. It is usually used as a measure of electrical energy. Commonly abbreviated as kW.
F – kilowatt
S – kilovatios
KILOWATT HOUR
(elec) (meas). A unit of POWER consumption equal to the amount of power multiplied by the amount of time the power is used. A 100-watt light bulb burning for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour of power.
F – kilowattheure
S – kilovatio-hora
KINETIC ENERGY
(gen). The ENERGY that a body possesses by virtue of its motion.
F – energie cinetique
S – energia cinetica
KNOT
(wind). A measure of WIND SPEED equal to one nautical mile per hour. One knot equals 1.15 miles per hour.
(sol) (meas). A unit of SOLAR RADIATION intensity, equal to 1.0 gram CALORIE per square centimeter.
F – langley
S – langley
LATITUDE
(gen) (meas). An angular position north or south of the equator, measured in degrees along a meridian of a point.
F – latitude
S – latitud
LEADING EDGE
(wind). The vertical edge of a WINDMILL BLADE that lies on the side towards which the blade moves. The opposite edge is called the TRAILING EDGE.
F – arete avant
S – borde anterior
LIFE-CYCLE COSTING
(gen) (meas). A method for estimating the comparative costs of ALTERNATIVE ENERGY or other systems. Life-cycle costing takes into consideration such long-term costs as ENERGY consumption, maintenance, and repair.
F – evaluation du cycle de vie
S – calculo del coste de la vida util
LIFT
(wind). The aerodynamic force that “pulls” the BLADES of a WINDMILL and causes them to rotate.
F – portance
S – impulsion
LIFT COEFFICIENT
(wind) (meas). The ratio of LIFT forces to FLOW forces.
F – coefficient de portance
S – coeficiente de impulsion
LIFT-TYPE DEVICES
(wind). WIND MACHINES that provide aerodynamic LIFT in a wind stream.
F – eoliennes a portance
S – aparatos impulsores
LIME
(chem). A white powder composed of calcium oxide that forms a highly ALKALINE solution when mixed with water. It is used in various ways, including as a means to increase the pH (POTENTIAL HYDROGEN) of MASH in ALCOHOL STILLS or BIOGAS DIGESTERS.
F – chaux
S – cal
LIME KILN
(chem). A KILN used to make LIME from coral or limestone.
(constr) (sol). A masonry brick to which magnesium or similar material has been added to darken the color of the brick and increase its THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY and ABSORPTANCE.
F – brique a la magnesite
S – ladrillo de magnesita
MAGNETO
(elec). A small, permanent-magnet, electric GENERATOR capable of producing periodic high voltage impulses.
F – magneto
S – magneto
MAGNOUS EFFECT
(wind). An effect whereby a spinning CYLINDER exposed to the wind produces a horizontal force. This effect has been used to enable experimental WIND MACHINES to POWER small boats.
F – effet magnus
S – efecto de fuerza horizontal
MALT
(alc). Sprouted grain that contains ENZYMES to convert STARCH to sugar. Special varieties of barley are frequently used to produce malt.
F – malt
S – malta
MANOMETER
(biocon) (meas). A device used to measure gas pressure. It may be used to monitor gas pressure in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
F – manometre
S – manometro
MANTLE
(biocon) (impl). A cloth MEMBRANE in which gases are collected and burned to create light through incandescence.
F – manchon a incandescence
S – manteleta
MARSH GAS
(biocon). METHANE. Decaying ORGANIC MATTER at the bottom of a marsh or pond will produce bubbles of methane gas when stirred.
F – gaz des marais
S – gas de los pantanos
MASH
(alc). A mixture of water and crushed grains or other FEEDSTOCKS that can be FERMENTED to produce ETHANOL.
(constr). Trademark name for a thin board made of compressed wood fibers. It is useful as a backing for SOLAR REFLECTORS.
F – masonite
S – masonite
MAXIMUM FLOW RATE
(hydr) (meas). The maximum amount of water that can FLOW past a point during a given period of time. This measurement is used to evaluate the HYDROPOWER potential of a site.
F – debit maximum
S – velocidad maxima de flujo
MEADOW MILL
(hydr). A small, untended WATERMILL used for drainage.
F – moulinet de campagne
S – molino de pradera
MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
(gen) (meas). The factor by which a machine multiplies any applied force.
F – effet mecanique
S – rendimiento mecanico
MECHANICAL TURBULENCE
(wind). Erratic air movement caused by such obstructions as trees or buildings.
(alc). A sheet polymer or thin biological tissue capable of separating liquid solutions. Membranes are sometimes used in the ALCOHOL DISTILLATION process.
F – membrane
S – membrana
MERIDIONAL WIND
(wind). The wind or wind component along the local meridian.
F – vent meridien
S – viento meridional
MESOPHYLLIC BACTERIA
(biocon). BACTERIA that thrive best at temperatures of 70-104 [degrees] F (21-40 [degrees] C) and are useful in producing BIOGAS.
F – bacteries mesophyliennes
S – bacteria mesofilica
METHANATION
(biocon). A process of converting to METHANE the carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide present in synthetic gas.
F – methanisation
S – metanacion
METHANE
(biocon) (chem). An odorless, colorless gas (C[H.sub.4]), nearly insoluble in water, which burns with a pale, faintly luminous flame to produce water and carbon dioxide (or carbon monoxide if oxygen is deficient). (See also: MARSH GAS) (Syn: BIOGAS)
(alc). A light, VOLATILE, flammable, poisonous liquid ALCOHOL (C[H.sub.3]OH) formed in the DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION of wood or made synthetically. METHANOL is used especially as a solvent, antifreeze, or DENATURANT for ETHANOL, and in the synthesis of other chemicals. It is also used increasingly as a fuel. (Syn: methyl alcohol or wood alcohol)
(bio) (biocon). The microscopic organisms, chiefly BACTERIA in this context, that are responsible for ANAEROBIC DIGESTION.
F – micro-organismes de la flore microbienne
S – microorganismos de microflora
MICROHYDRO
(hydr). Small-scale, water-powered systems that may be used to produce mechanical POWER or less than 100 KILOWATTS of electricity. They commonly are used for homes, farms, or small industries.
F – microcentrales hydrauliques
S – microhidro
MILL
(gen) (hydr) (wind). A device to grind grain and cereals. Also used colloquially to describe a WINDMILL, WATER WHEEL, or WATER MILL.
(hydr) (meas). The least amount of water that will FLOW past a given point at any time. This measurement is used to help evaluate the HYDROPOWER potential of a site.
(wind). A system of daily winds prevailing in calm, clear weather along the width of a valley. The winds blow uphill and upvalley by day and downhill and downvalley by night.
F – vents des monts et des vallees
S – vientos de las montanas y aldeas
MULTIBLADE WINDMILL
(wind). A WINDMILL that has a large number of BLADES. It generally is used to pump water.
(wind). The portion of a wind electric conversion machine that houses the electricity generating equipment.
F – carter
S – barquilla
NATURAL CONVECTION
(heat). The natural CONVECTION of heat through the FLUID in a body that occurs when warm, less dense fluid rises and cold, dense fluid sinks under the influence of gravity. (Syn: gravity convection)
(sol). A method of cooling through RADIANT ENERGY exchange. Relatively warm surfaces are exposed directly to the colder night sky to which they radiate the heat they collected during the day.
F – rayonnement diffus nocturne
S – radiacion del cielo nocturno
NIGHT SOIL
(bio). Human excreta with or without flush water, which may be used as FEEDSTOCK for a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
(oceans). The temperature difference between deep and surface water in the ocean. These temperature variations may be used as an ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE.
F – gradients de temperature oceaniques
S – termogradientes oceanicos
OCEAN THERMAL POWER
(ocean). ENERGY acquired from differences in temperatures at different depths in the ocean.
F – energie thermique des mers
S – termopotencia oceanica
OCEAN TIDAL POWER
(ocean). The production of electricity by harnessing ocean tidal movements through the use of adjustable-BLADE WATER TURBINES or other devices.
F – energie maremotrice
S – energia oceanica
OFFSHORE WINDS
(wind). Winds blowing seaward from the coast.
F – vents de terre
S – vientos terrales
S LAW
(elec). The law stating that for any circuit the electric current is proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance.
F – loi d’ohm
S – ley de ohmio
ONSHORE WINDS
(wind). Winds blowing shoreward from the sea.
F – vents du large
S – vientos del mar
OPERATING FLOW
(hydr) (meas). The FLOW rate needed by a HYDROPOWER device to operate at its rated LOAD level.
F – debit nominal
S – flujo de operacion
ORGANIC MATTER
(gen). Materials of animal or vegetable origin.
F – matieres organiques
S – materia organica
ORGANIC WASTE
(bio). Residues derived from living organisms. Organic wastes may be used as FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS DIGESTERS. (See also: BIOMASS)
F – dechets organiques
S – desperdicios organicos
ORIENTATION
(sol). The arrangement of windows on a building or solar device along a given AXIS to face in a direction best suited to absorb SOLAR RADIATION. This is an essential element in planning PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING systems for homes and other buildings.
F – exposition
S – orientacion
OSMOSIS
(gen). The process by which a solvent is DIFFUSED through a semipermeable MEMBRANE into a more CONCENTRATED solution.
(alc). A type of STILL COLUMN or pipe that is used in ALCOHOL DISTILLATION. It is filled with such material as metal filings, plastic, or glass beads. Packed columns increase ALCOHOL yields by providing continuous redistillation of the ALCOHOL VAPOR as it moves up the still column.
(sol). The geometrically-curved shape used in the design of SOLAR COOKERS to focus sunlight on a single point. A parabola is based on a family of quadratic curves.
(sol). A SOLAR ENERGY device shaped like a dish or bowl, with the characteristics of a PARABOLA. It focuses sunlight on a point or a very small area.
F – parabolique solaire
S – plato parabolico
PARABOLIC MIRROR
(sol). A device with a large, shiny, curved surface that focuses SOLAR RADIATION on a specific point, such as a cooking vessel, for heating or boiling.
F – miroir parabolique
S – espejo parabolico
S LAW
(gen). The law stating that pressure applied to a confined FLUID at any point is transmitted throughout the fluid in all directions. The pressure acts upon every part of the confining vessel at right angles to its interior surfaces, acting equally upon equal areas.
F – loi de Pascal
S – ley de Pascal
PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN
(sol). An architectural design that makes use of the structural elements of a building to heat or cool spaces in the building.
F – systeme solaire passif
S – diseno solar pasivo
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
(sol). The SOLAR HEATING of a building by use of architectural design, without the aid of mechanical equipment.
F – chauffage solaire passif
S – calefaccion solar pasiva
PATENT SAIL
(wind) (arc). A SAIL fitted with SHUTTERS that are controlled automatically.
(bio). Harmful micro-organisms, such as BACTERIA and viruses. Pathogens may be found in human, animal, and other wastes, and help spread disease.
F – microbes pathogenes
S – patogenos
PEAK WATT
(sol) (meas) (elec). Unit used for the performance rating of PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERTERS. A system rated at one peak watt will deliver one WATT at the specified working voltage under peak SOLAR IRRADIATION.
F – watt-crete
S – vatio maximo
PEAT
(bio) (biocon). Partially decomposed ORGANIC MATTER formed in marshes and swamps. Dried peat is useful as a fuel.
F – tourbe
S – turba
PEBBLE BED
(sol). A large bin of uniformly-sized pebbles that is used to store heat in SOLAR HEATING or SOLAR COOLING systems. A pebble bed is one type of HEAT SINK.
F – lit de galets
S – lecho de gravilla
PEDAL POWER
(gen). Mechanical or electrical POWER generated by the use of a bicycle-gearing apparatus. Pedal power may be used for buffing, lathing, grinding grain or meat, operating a potter’s wheel, driving a small GENERATOR, turning a sharpening stone, operating a corn sheller, and other applications.
(hydr). An IMPULSE WATER TURBINE in which the pressure of the water supply is concentrated through a few stationary nozzles. The JETS of water strike the BUCKETS, which are mounted on the RUNNER. Pelton wheels usually are limited to installations with HEADS that exceed 500 feet, or about 160 meters. (Syn: Pelton turbine)
(chem) (meas). Potential hydrogen. The symbol that denotes a measurement of the effective hydrogen ion CONCENTRATION. On a scale of 0 to 14, 7 represents neutrality. Numbers less then 7 indicate increasing ACIDITY. Numbers greater than 7 indicate increasing ALKALINITY of a solution.
F – pH
S – pH
PHOTOMETER
(sol) (meas). A device that measures the intensity of light.
F – photometre
S – fotometro
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY
(sol). A number of PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES that are electrically connected in a series and/or in parallel so as to provide the desired POWER and voltage. The modules are mounted on a sturdy framework that generally faces the equator. The array may be tailored to the requirements of a particular application and location. Such an array is valuable because it can generate electricity from sunlight without the use of moving mechanical parts.
F – chapelet de photopiles
S – conjunto fotovoltaico
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL
(sol). A SOLAR ENERGY device that changes light into electrical ENERGY. The cell is a small square or circular wafer made of treated SILICON or other semiconductor material.
(hydr). An OVERSHOT WATER WHEEL in which the trough carrying water to the wheel is modified to discharge onto the near side of the wheel, thus reversing the normal direction of rotation.
F – roue hydraulique a jet inverse
S – rueda hidraulica de engranaje
PIT KILN
(heat). A KILN made from a hole that is dug in the ground.
F – four en terre
S – horno de foso
PLUG FLOW GENERATOR
(biocon) (impl). A BIOGAS DIGESTER with no mechanical agitation through which the SLURRY passes along in more or less discrete “plugs,” creating a cycle of “first in-first out.” The EFFLUENT is then theoretically composed only of older slurry. The plug flow design differs from traditional designs, in which all slurry is purposely mixed together in a single pit or tank.
(wind) (arc). This is the earliest type of European WINDMILL. The body of the windmill is balanced on a large post and trestle. The entire body revolves to turn the BLADES into the wind.
F – moulin pivot
S – molino de poste
POTENTIAL HYDROGEN
(chem) (meas). (See: pH)
F – potentiel d’hydrogene
S – potencial de hidrogeno
POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
(meas). A measurement of gas pressure. Commonly abbreviated as psi.
F – livres par pouce carre
S – libras/[pulgada.sup.2]
POWER
(gen). The rate at which ENERGY is consumed or produced.
F – puissance
S – potencia
POWER COEFFICIENT
(wind) (meas). The ratio of the POWER extracted by a WIND MACHINE ROTOR to the power available in a wind stream.
F – coefficient de puissance
S – coeficiente de potencia
POWER DENSITY
(wind) (meas). The amount of POWER per unit of a cross-sectional area of a wind stream.
(wind). The direction from which the wind blows most often. This is an important consideration in selecting a site for a WINDMILL.
F – vent dominant
S – viento dominante
PRODUCER GAS
(prod). A combination of COMBUSTIBLE GASES created through the combustion of wood or coal in a controlled-air environment. Producer gas may be used to drive gasoline or diesel engines.
F – gaz de gazogene
S – gas pobre
PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR
(gen). A furnace in which COMBUSTIBLE GASES are produced for use as a fuel.
F – gazogene
S – generador de gas pobre
PROOF
(alc) (meas). A unit measurement of the strength of ALCOHOL. The proof is twice the percentage of the alcohol in the liquid. Alcohol that is 90 proof contains 45 percent alcohol. (See also: PROOF-GALLON)
F – degre en alcool
S – graduacion normal
PROOF-GALLON
(alc) (meas). A standard U.S. gallon of a mixture that is 50 percent ALCOHOL and 50 percent water (i.e., that is 100 proof). An alcohol/water mixture that contains a different ratio of each may be translated into proof-gallons by moving the decimal point of the proof two places to the left and multiplying by the total number of gallons of the mixture.
(meas). One quadrillion BTUs. It is expressed as either [10.sup.15] or 1,000,000,000,000,000 BTus. A quad is used to measure any large unit of energy such as wood, gasoline, coal, etc. For example, a quad can be used to describe the amount of THERMAL ENERGY that is potentially available from burning a certain acreage of trees in WOODSTOVES.
F – quad
S – cuad
QUARTERING
(wind). The action of turning a WINDMILL broadside to the WIND.
(sol). Electromagnetic waves that directly transport ENERGY through space. Sunlight is a form of radiation.
F – rayonnement
S – radiacion
RATED POWER CAPACITY
(wind) (meas). The expected POWER output of a WIND MACHINE. It is equal to either the maximum power of the machine or to an output at some WIND SPEED less than the maximum speed, but at which GOVERNING controls start to reduce the power.
(biocon). Whichever stage in the ANAERIOBIC process that is slowest. Since each step in the digestion process requires the preceeding one to be completed before it can begin, the overall gas production rate is limited by the slowest step.
F – stage limitant la cadence
S – etapa de velocidad limitadora
RAW SLUDGE
(biocon). Fresh, undried, uncomposted EFFLUENT from a DIGESTER. Also residue in the same condition from the bottom of a digester.
F – boues brutes
S – cienos sin tratar
RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION
(wind). Standard WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION that is useful in wind site analysis. It is a probability density function that allows one to model the wind speed distribution based on a single input parameter. (See also: WEIBULL DISTRIBUTION)
F – distribution de Rayleigh
S – distribucion de Rayleigh
REACTION TURBINE
(hydr). A WATER TURBINE that uses the mass or weight of water hitting the RUNNER as opposed to being driven by the velocity of the water.
F – turbine a reaction
S – turbina a reaccion
REACTION WATER WHEEL
(hydr). A WATER WHEEL that uses the mass or weight of water falling onto it rather than the FLOW.
F – roue hydraulique a reaction
S – rueda hidraulica reactiva
RECIPROCATING ENGINE
(hydr). A device that converts the potential ENERGY in a FLUID to mechanical energy by expanding the FLUID against a piston.
F – moteur a pistons
S – maquina alternativa
RECIPROCATING PUMP
(wind). A type of water pump commonly used with WINDMILLS. Motion and pressure are applied to the water by a piston moving up and down in a CYLINDER. The piston is powered by the WINDMILL.
(gen). Heat or other ENERGY that normally would be lost during a process, but instead is captured and reused. For example, FLUE gases may be used for drying purposes.
F – energie recuperee
S – energia recobrada
RECTIFIER]] [1]
(alc) (impl). A second column on an ALCOHOL STILL that is used to further remove water from the ALCOHOL VAPOR, thus increasing the PROOF of the alcohol. This increase in CONCENTRATION is achieved by the repeated interaction of the rising vapor with the liquid DISTILLATE. [2] (elec). A device that converts ALTERNATING CURRENT (ac) into DIRECT CURRENT (dc).
(wind). Rolling and tying down a portion of a WINDMILL SAIL to reduce the area exposed to the wind.
F – prendre les ris
S – recoger las velas
REFLECTANCE
(sol). The ratio of RADIATION reflected from a surface to that incident on the surface. [See also: REFLECTIVITY (2)].
F – facteur de reflexion
S – reflectancia
REFLECTED RADIATION
(sol). SOLAR RADIATION that has been reflected from such surfaces as the ground or buildings, and which ultimately becomes INCIDENT RADIATION.
F – rayonnement reflechi
S – radiacion reflejada
REFLECTIVITY
(sol) (meas). [1] The ability to reflect SOLAR RADIATION, which is possessed to some degree by all materials. It is called the ALBEDO in atmospheric references. [2] The ratio of RADIANT ENERGY reflected by a body to that falling upon it.
(refrig). A VOLATILE substance that can be used as a working FLUID in a cooling system.
F – refrigerant
S – refrigerante
REFRIGERATION
(refrig). The act or process of making or keeping something cool or cold. It especially applies to the use of artificial means for cooling.
F – refrigeration
S – refrigeracion
RENEWABLE ENERGY
(gen). ENERGY produced from regenerative or virtually inexhaustible resources such as BIOMASS, SOLAR RADIATION, the wind, water, or heat from the Earth’s interior.
(constr) (meas). A rating of a substance’s thermal resistance to summer HEAT GAIN or winter heat loss. It is used as a measure of insulation efficiency. (Syn: R-VALUE) (See also: U-VALUE)
F – resistance thermique
S – valor de resistencia
RETORT
(alc) (gen). [1] A vessel in which substances are subjected to heat for the purpose of DISTILLATION or DECOMPOSITION. A retort is distinguished from a STILL in that it is more often used for the treatment of solid or semisolid substances. [2] A closed container used in CHARCOAL production in which COMBUSTIBLE GASES are captured and made into liquids, generally through CONDENSATION.
(wind) (meas). The length of time during which low winds prevent a WINDMILL from reaching its CUT-IN SPEED or START-UP SPEED. The “down time” or time period when the wind is too low to enable a WINDMILL to reach its cut-in speed or start-up speed.
F – temps mort
S – tiempo de restablecimiento
NUMBER
(meas) (sol) (wind). The ratio of material forces to VISCOUS forces in any FLUID FLOW. The Reynolds’ number is determined through the following equation: (PVD)/U where:
P (rho) = density
V = velocity
D = length of flow distance
U (mu) = viscosity.
F – nombre de Reynolds
S – numero de Reynolds
RICE HUSK STOVE
(biocon). A stove designed to use rice husks as its primary fuel.
F – poele a paille de riz
S – estufa de cascaras de arroz
RIGGING
(wind) (impl). Collectively, all the ropes and cords used to support the mast of the WINDMILL, and to FURL or unfurl the SAILS.
F – haubanage
S – cordaje
RIPARIAN RIGHTS
(hydr). The right of a landowner to the water on or bordering his or her property, including the right to prevent diversion or misuse of upstream water.
F – droits de riverainete
S – derechos riberenos
RISER
(alc). A tube that penetrates a plate in a STILL COLUMN, allowing ALCOHOL VAPORS to move up the column. A perforated cap or cup is placed on top of each riser to distribute the vapor into the column section and to prevent water from dripping into the riser.
(sol). A heat storage container filled with rocks or pebbles that is used in SOLAR HEATING and SOLAR COOLING systems.
F – lit de pierres
S – fondo de roca
ROCKBED COOLING SYSTEM
(sol). A passive air-conditioning system that circulates a building’s air through a bed of rocks that has cooled during the night or early morning.
F – refroidissement par lit de pierres, systeme de
S – sistema de enfriamiento con lecho de roca
ROCKER ARM
(wind) (impl). A support mechanism that rotates on a shaft at one end while moving up and down at the other. It is used to convert the rotating motion of a WINDMILL to an up-and-down motion, usually for pumping.
F – culbuteur
S – balancin
ROLLER REEFING SAIL
(wind) (arc). A ROTOR BLADE that is fitted with canvas strips (SAILS) wound on ROLLERS. The rollers are used for REEFING the sails.
(wind). A piece of cloth attached between each of the SPARS of a WINDMILL for the purpose of catching the wind. Also used to define windmill sails collectively.
F – aile
S – vela
SAIL BACK
(wind) (arc). A single SPAR that replaces the STOCK and WHIP in WINDMILLS that are fitted with iron crosses instead of POLL ENDS.
F – bras d’aile
S – barra del aspa
SAILCLOTH
(wind). Very strong cotton or canvas that may be used for SAILS on WINDMILLS.
F – toile a voile
S – lona
SAILWING WINDMILL
(wind). A WINDMILL that has a small number of cloth SAILS. Sailwing windmills are usually simple designs, and are most commonly used for water pumping.
F – moulin a volants
S – molino de viento con vela de lona
SALT
(chem). A product formed by the neutralization of an ACID by a BASE.
F – sel
S – sal
DIGESTER SYSTEM
(biocon). A BIOGAS system that combines METHANE production with facilities to dispose of human excreta. This also is an effective way to eliminate dangerous PATHOGENS.
(biocon). A stove designed to use sawdust as its primary fuel.
F – poele a sciure de bois
S – estufa de aserrin
SCOOP WHEEL
(wind) (arc). A vertical, cast-iron wheel with wooden BLADES or scoops that lift water from one level to another. Scoop wheels usually are driven by WINDMILLS.
F – roue a godets
S – rueda de cangilones
SCRUBBING
(biocon). [1] Removing unwanted gases from BIOGAS or PRODUCER GAS. [2] The process of removing an undesirable, and usually corrosive, component or components from a COMBUSTIBLE GAS mixture. This is done by passing the mixture upwards and counter to a stream of liquid that is capable of selectively ADSORBING the undesirable components. Gases can also be scrubbed by passing them through iron filings.
F – epuration
S – proceso de lavado
SCUM
(biocon). In BIOGAS DIGESTION, a mixture of coarse, fibrous material floating on the surface of the SLURRY. The accumulation of scum may inhibit METHANE production.
F – ecume
S – nata espumosa
SCUM CONTROL DEVICE
(biocon) (impl). A mechanism, usually some type of STIRRING device, that is used to break up the layer of SCUM that rises to the surface in a BIOGAS DIGESTER.
(heat). That heat, which, when added or subtracted, results only in a temperature change (as opposed to a chemical or other reaction).
F – chaleur sensible
S – calefaccion termosensible
SENSIBLE HEAT STORAGE
(heat). A heat storage medium in which the addition or removal of heat results only in a temperature change (as opposed to a chemical or other reaction). The storage medium often consists of water or gravel.
F – stockage de chaleur sensible
S – almacenaje termosensible
SHADING COEFFICIENT
(sol) (meas). A method for determining reductions in solar HEAT GAIN caused by certain kinds of GLAZING. It is determined by dividing the solar heat gain through a sheet of glazing under specific conditions by the solar gain through a single-color DOUBLE-GLAZING under the same conditions. The lower the number, the greater the reduction in solar heat gain.
F – coefficient de vitrage
S – coeficiente de sombra
SHEAR
(wind). Variations in horizontal WIND SPEED due to the distance of the wind from the ground. The higher the wind is above the ground, the faster it moves because of the reduced friction.
F – cisaillement
S – gradiente transversal de la velocidad del viento
(wind) (arc) (hydr). [1] A structure used to concentrate or deflect a stream of wind. [2] A deep rim partially enclosing the BUCKETS in OVERSHOT WATER WHEELS or BREAST WHEELS.
F – [1] carenage; [2] bache
S – refuerzo
SHROUDED WINDMILL
(wind) (arc). A WINDMILL with a funnel-like structure around the outside edge of the SWEPT AREA that forces wind from a larger area to pass through the BLADES.
(alc). A component of an ALCOHOL STILL COLUMN. It is one of a series of perforated plates that is used to promote the contact of liquid with vapor in the column.
F – plateau perfore
S – placa perforada
SILICON SOLAR CELL
(sol). A SOLAR CELL made with the crystalline element SILICON as part of its conductor.
(hydr) (meas). A CHANNEL FLOW calculation equal to the number of feet a surface “drops” or inclines downward per 1,000 feet of horizontal distance; also expressed in meters of drop per kilometer.
F – pente
S – pendiente
SLUDGE
(biocon). Solid material that collects at the bottom of a DIGESTER.
F – boues
S – sedimentos
SLUDGE GAS
(biocon). An alternative name used for BIOGAS, particularly when the gas is produced by sewage.
F – gaz de vidange
S – gas de lodo
SLUICE
(hydr). A manmade CHANNEL or waterway to conduct water to a HYDROPOWER device. It generally has one or more adjustable gates to regulate the FLOW of water.
(sol). The horizontal angle between the sun and due south in the northern hemisphere, or between the sun and due north in the southern hemisphere. (Syn: bearing angle)
(sol). A device that gathers and accumulates SOLAR RADIATION to produce heat. Nearly all solar collectors have a layer of GLAZING on top to trap heat that has passed into the collector. Beneath the glazing is a solar ABSORBER PLATE, which transfers heat to a HEAT TRANSFER MEDIUM. The medium may be air, water, an antifreeze solution, or other substance(s).
F – capteur solaire
S – colector de radiacion solar
SOLAR COLLECTOR CONNECTIONS
(sol). Inlets and outlets leading to and from SOLAR COLLECTORS and connecting the collectors with related apparatus. In the case of water tanks that run water through collectors, there will be an outlet near the bottom of the tank and an inlet near the top of the tank. Likewise, there will be an inlet near the bottom of the collector and an outlet near the top of the collector.
F – raccordements pour capteurs
S – conexiones del colector solar
SOLAR COLLECTOR EFFICIENCY
(sol) (meas). The total SOLAR RADIATION that is incident on a COLLECTOR during a specific time period.
(sol). A process in which SOLAR ENERGY is trapped and used to evaporate impure or salty water. The water vapor CONDENSES as distilled water that can be used for drinking or for other uses.
(sol). The electromagnetic RADIATION generated by the sun. Solar energy may be converted to useful forms of ENERGY through the PHOTOVOLTAIC PROCESS, THERMAL CONVERSION, or through high temperature concentrators and COLLECTORS. Solar energy initially is usually captured in the form of heat, and is therefore best used for a variety of heating purposes. This may be done through the use of SOLAR COLLECTORS and SOLAR COOKERS. SOLAR RADIATION may also be converted directly into electrical energy through the use of PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS.
(sol). A SOLAR CONCENTRATOR used to produce very high temperatures. Also a solar device used to obtain high temperatures by focusing the sun’s rays onto a small receiver.
F – four solaire
S – horno solar
SOLAR GAIN
(sol). The part of a building’s heat supply, or an additional load for cooling, that is provided by SOLAR RADIATION that strikes the building or passes into it through windows.
(sol). Specific greenhouse designs that take into account basic principles of PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING. Increasingly, solar greenhouses are being attached to dwellings. Excess heat from the greenhouse passes into the dwelling through air CONVECTION and THERMAL CONDUCTANCE from a mutual wall.
F – serre solaire
S – invernadero solar
SOLAR HEATING
(sol). The use of a SOLAR SYSTEM to raise the temperature in a room or a device.
F – chauffage solaire
S – calefaccion solar
SOLAR IRRADIANCE
(sol). The total amount of SOLAR RADIATION striking a given area.
(sol). A shallow body of salt water with a black or dark bottom. When incident SOLAR RADIATION penetrates the water, some of it is absorbed by the water. However, a large proportion of the radiation reaches the bottom of the pond. There it is absorbed, heating the bottom surface. The bottom surface in turn heats the water next to it, which then can be used as an ENERGY source through the use of HEAT EXCHANGERS. The pond’s salinity should increase with its depth.
F – bassin solaire
S – charca solar
SOLAR POSITION
(sol). The location of the sun in the sky during the EQUINOXES, based on the latitude of the observer. Solar position is determined by the value of the SOLAR ALTITUDE and the SOLAR AZIMUTH.
F – position du soleil
S – posicion solar
SOLAR POWER
(sol). The rate at which SOLAR ENERGY falls on an area. The area is usually given in terms of the whole Earth.
F – puissance solaire
S – potencia solar
SOLAR PUMP
(sol). A pump that operates on SOLAR ENERGY, either by a PHOTOVOLTAIC process or by a thermal system in which a FLUID heated by the sun drives a TURBINE or piston that powers the pump.
F – pompe solaire
S – bomba solar
SOLAR RADIATION
(sol). RADIANT ENERGY received from the sun, from both direct exposure and diffuse or reflected sunlight.
(sol). A shower bath that uses a SOLAR WATER HEATER to provide hot water.
F – douche solaire
S – ducha solar
SOLAR SITE SELECTOR
(sol) (meas). A circular transparency, similar to a map, that is used to determine solar positions and calculate shading.
F – dispositif de selection de l’emplacement solaire
S – selector del emplazamiento solar
SOLAR SPACE HEATER
(sol). A SOLAR HEATING system that heats FLUID on a black metal surface that is under GLAZING. The heated fluid may be circulated during the day and stored at night.
F – appareil de chauffage solaire individuel
S – calentador espacial solar
SOLAR SPECTRUM
(sol). The total distribution of electromagnetic RADIATION emitted from the sun. It is usually listed minus those wavelengths that are absorbed by the atmosphere. On Earth, this amounts to about 420 trillion KILOWATT HOURS of SOLAR POWER annually.
(biocon). Waste material in a solid state, such as is found in households, commercial activities, municipal plants, etc. Many solid wastes are useful in BIOCONVERSION processes.
F – dechets solides
S – desperdicios solidos
SOLUBILIZATION
(biocon). The first of three stages in the ANAEROBIC DIGESTION of ORGANIC MATTER, in which the complex proteins, CARBOHYDRATES, CELLULOSE, fats, and oils are dissolved by ENZYMES. This HYDROLYSIS transforms the complex compounds into simple amino ACIDS, simple sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol. The simple compounds are rendered into a form that is dissolved easily and can pass through the cell walls of the acid-forming BACTERIA to be FERMENTED.
F – solubilisation
S – solubilizacion
SPARK ARRESTER
(impl). Screening, steel wool, or other porous substance(s) that is placed in the distribution pipes from a BIOGAS DIGESTER or PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR. They prevent a spark or flame from passing back up the pipe and causing an explosion.
(gen). The ratio of the weight of a given volume of a substance to an equal volume of air or water at a given temperature and pressure. The specific gravity, which may be measured by a HYDROMETER, indicates the CONCENTRATION of a substance in a solution. (See also: PROOF).
F – densite
S – gravedad especifica
SPECIFIC SPEED
(hydr) (meas). The speed at which a given type of RUNNER in a TURBINE would operate if it were reduced proportionately in size to produce one HORSE-POWER under a one-foot (30.48 centimeter) HEAD. This speed or velocity is expressed in revolutions per minute. It is used to determine the proper type of turbine to install at a HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT under given conditions.
(constr). A CHIMNEY or other passageway designed to vent smoke from a stove, oven, furnace, etc.
F – corps de cheminee
S – canon
STACK EFFECT
(heat). The impulse of a heated gas to rise through a vertical passage, such as a CHIMNEY.
F – effet de cheminee
S – efecto de humero
STACK GAS
(heat). Gases resulting from combustion, which pass up a CHIMNEY.
F – gaz de cheminee
S – gases de la chimenea
STAGNATION
(sol). The condition that may be reached in a SOLAR COLLECTOR when the sun is shining on the device and no FLUID is flowing through it. The resulting high temperatures may damage the COLLECTOR.
F – stagnation
S – estancacion
STARCH
(alc) (chem). A white, tasteless, solid CARBOHYDRATE ([C.sub.6][H.sub.10][O.sub.5]). Starch is a major component of many agricultural crops, such as potatoes, grains, etc., that are used to produce GLUCOSE.
F – amidon
S – almidon
START-UP
(biocon). The process of adding INOCULUM to a BIOGAS DIGESTER so that the digester will begin to function.
F – appareil stationnaire d’entrainement par pedales
S – unidad de rendimiento del pedal inmovil
STEAM ENGINE
(geo) (auto). An engine in which the mechanical force of steam is used as a motive POWER to drive machinery, etc.
F – moteur A vapeur
S – motor de vapor de agua
STEAM GAS
(geo). Superheated steam that is used as an ENERGY source. Steam gas is usually obtained from GEOTHERMAL sources.
F – vapeur surchauffee
S – gas de agua
STEAM TURBINE
(gen) (geo). A TURBINE that is driven by expanding steam or gas rather then by the velocity or weight of water.
F – turbine a vapeur
S – turbina de vapor
STILL
(gen) (alc). [1] An apparatus for DISTILLATION that consists primarily of a closed vessel in which the solution to be distilled is heated. It also includes mechanisms to condense the vapor that is produced. [2] An ALCOHOL distillation unit that consists of a container to heat MASH, a DISTILLATION COLUMN to separate the water from the alcohol, and a CONDENSER to convert ALCOHOL VAPORS into liquid.
(auto). An external combustion engine in which air is alternately heated and cooled to drive a piston up and down. Hydrogen is used instead of air in some newer models. The Stirling engine may in some cases be nonpolluting and more efficient than the internal combustion engine.
F – moteur de Stirling
S – motor Stirling
STIRRING
(biocon). Agitating or mixing the SLURRY in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. Stirring helps prevent SCUM buildup and promotes METHANE production.
F – vaguage
S – agitacion
STOCK
(wind) (arc). [1] A bar that is used to support a WINDMILL SAIL. [2] A tapered SPAR that passes through the POLL END of a windmill, supporting a pair of sails. (Syn: sailstock)
(gen). The total amount of ENERGY that a system is capable of holding for use at a later time. (See also: ENERGY STORAGE)
F – capacite de stockage
S – capacidad de almacenado
STRATIFICATION
(sol). In SOLAR HEATING, temperature variations that occur in a substance or an area. The highest temperatures are found higher up and cooler temperatures are found lower down.
F – stratification
S – estratificacion
STRIKING GEAR
(wind) (arc). The mechanism used with PATENT SAILS to apply pressure to SHUTTERS. It consists of a striking rod that passes through the length of the WIND SHAFT. The rod is operated by an endless chain upon which weights are hung. The number of weights is determined by the force of the wind.
(hydr). An underwater obstruction that diverts water into a CHANNEL.
F – barrage immerge
S – vertedero sumergido
SUBSTRATE
(bio) (biocon). [1] The particular FEEDSTOCK component that is used by bacteria to promote their growth and metabolism. The component often is one particular compound. [2] ORGANIC MATTER that is used to generate METHANE in a BIOGAS DIGESTER. (See: SLURRY)
F – substrat
S – subestrato
SUCROSE
(alc) (chem). A FERMENTABLE SUGAR ([C.sub.12][H.sub.22][O.sub.11]) that is commonly found in nature.
F – sucrose
S – sucrosa
SUCTION ANEMOMETER
(wind) (meas). A device that measures WIND VELOCITY according to the degree of exhaust caused when the wind is blown through or across a tube.
(sol) (meas). A set of transparent curves and overlays that tells where the sun is in the sky and that gives other SOLAR ALTITUDES. (See: SOLAR SITE SELECTOR)
F – calculateur d’angle solaire
S – calculador del angulo solar
SUN BASKET
(sol). A SOLAR COOKER in the shape of a deep PARABOLA. This cooker may be a woven basket lined with a reflective material.
F – panier solaire
S – cesto solar
SUN EFFECT
(sol) (meas). The amount of heat from the sun that tends to heat an enclosed space.
F – effet solaire
S – efecto solar
SUN-TEMPERING
(sol). A heating system that involves a significant daytime SOLAR GAIN and an effective distribution system, but which generally lacks a STORAGE function.
F – dispositif de repartition de l’energie solaire
S – atemperacion solar
SUN-TRACKING DEVICE
(sol) (impl). A device attached to a SOLAR COLLECTOR that automatically turns the face of the collector towards the sun.
(wind) (meas). The area in a plane that is perpendicular to the wind through which a WINDMILL‘s BLADES pass. The area is defined by the circumference of the circle formed by the rotating blades, and is one factor in determining the amount of WIND POWER available from the wind.
F – zone balayee
S – area barrida
SWING POT
(wind) (arc). A pivoting bearing that is sometimes used to support the WIND SHAFT of a WINDMILL.
F – palier pivotant
S – cojinete pivotante
SWORD POINT
(wind) (arc). The amount that a SAILCLOTH is rolled up or REEFED to reduce its exposure to the wind. This term refers to the pointed end on a reefed SAIL. (See also: REEFING)
(sol). A black nickel SELECTIVE SURFACE coating that typically absorbs 90 percent of the incoming SOLAR RADIATION but which radiates only about 10 percent as much radiation as would be emitted by a coat of FLAT BLACK PAINT.
F – surface de tabor
S – superficie tabor
TAIL
(wind). A flat piece of sheet metal that is attached to the extension of the WINDSHAFT of a WINDMILL. The plane of the tail is normally perpendicular to the wind so the tail may intercept changes in wind direction and turn the ROTOR around to face the wind. (Syn: vane)
F – empennage
S – punta del aspa
TAIL POLE
(wind) (arc). The projecting SPAR used to turn a WINDMILL that is not equipped with automatic WINDING gear.
F – barre de queue
S – saliente del aspa
TAILRACE
(hydr). The discharging CHANNEL of a HYDROPOWER system. It is that section of a RACE that is downstream of a hydropower device.
F – bief d’aval
S – canal de descarga
TAILWATER
(hydr). Water passing back into a discharging CHANNEL after being applied to a HYDROPOWER device.
F – eau d’aval
S – agua de descarga
TAILWATER LEVEL
(hydr) (meas). The depth of the TAILWATER as measured at a reference point on its surface.
F – niveau de l’eau d’aval
S – nivel de la descarga
TAILWINDED
(wind). The condition when a WINDMILL is caught by a sudden change in wind direction, which exerts pressure on the wrong side of the SAIL assembly.
F – a vent arriere
S – con viento de cola
THERMAL
(gen). Having to do with the use or production of heat. Also any reaction caused by heat.
F – thermique
S – termico
THERMAL ADMITTANCE
(heat) (meas). The total amount of BTUs that a square foot (929 square centimenters) of a surface will admit in one hour.
(heat) (meas). The amount of heat that will pass through a given amount of material in a given amount of time, and with a unit temperature difference maintained between the surfaces of the material under uniform and steady conditions.
F – conductance thermique
S – termoconductancia
THERMAL CONDUCTION
(heat). Heat transfer by direct contact from one substance to another of a lower temperature.
F – transmission de chaleur
S – termotransmision
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
(heat) (meas). The ability of a material to conduct heat. It is commonly measured in units of THERMAL CONDUCTANCE.
F – conductivite thermique
S – termoconductibilidad
THERMAL EFFICIENCY
(heat) (meas). A percentage that indicates the available heat that is converted to useful purposes. Thermal efficiency is used to evaluate wood-conserving stoves and numerous other devices.
(meas). The time required for the temperature of an area to reach that of an adjacent area, either by heating or cooling. For example, the time required for indoor air temperature to reach the cooler outside air temperature when there is no additional heat added to the house; or the time required for the inside surface of a TROMBE WALL to reach the temperature of the outside surface, which is exposed to the sun.
F – retard thermique
S – retardo termico
THERMAL MASS
(gen). Material or mass of sufficient size and density to store heat. Thermal mass walls are often used in buildings that use PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING techniques and NIGHT SKY RADIATION. (See also: TROMBE WALL)
F – masse thermique
S – masa termica
THERMAL POWER
(gen). Any type of ENERGY generated or developed through the use of HEAT ENERGY.
F – puissance thermique
S – termopotencia
THERMAL WINDS
(wind). Winds that are caused by the heating of the ground by SOLAR RADIATION.
F – vents thermiques
S – vientos termicos
THERMOCOUPLE
(meas) (impl). A device used to measure temperature. It is based on the principle that an electrical current is produced when two dissimilar wires are joined together and the junction is heated. Thermocouples are often used to measure temperatures at different levels in BIOGAS DIGESTERS, WOOD STOVES, KILNS, or other devices where use of a conventional thermometer would be difficult.
F – thermocouple
S – termopar
THERMOPHILLIC BACTERIA
(biocon). BACTERIA that grow best in a temperature range between 122-131 [degrees] F (50-55 [degrees] C).
F – bacteries thermophiles
S – bacteria termofilica
THERMOSYPHON
(sol). A CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM in which water automatically circulates between a SOLAR COLLECTOR and a water storage tank above it. A solar collector based on the THERMOSYPHON PRINCIPLE uses the natural difference in density between the warmer and cooler portions of a liquid.
(gen) (sol). The tendency of heated liquids to rise. In a SOLAR WATER HEATER, this principle is used to lift water from a SOLAR COLLECTOR to a storage tank above it without the use of a pump.
F – principe du thermosiphon
S – principio de termosifon
THIN STILLAGE
(biocon). The water soluble fraction of FERMENTED MASH plus the mash water.
F – residu dilue de distillation
S – residuos liquidos
TIDAL ENERGY
(ocean). The KINETIC ENERGY existing in the tides by virtue of the moving mass of water.
F – energie des marees
S – energia mareal
TIDAL POWER
(ocean). Mechanical POWER generated by the rise and fall of ocean tides, which may be converted into electricity.
F – puissance maremotrice
S – fuerza mareal
TILT ANGLE
(sol). The angle at which a SOLAR COLLECTOR is tilted upward from the horizon for maximum solar exposure and maximum heat collection.
(wind) (meas). The speed of the outer end or tip of a BLADE of a WINDMILL ROTOR. This speed may be faster than the rotation rate of the WIND SHAFT, and may be faster or slower than the actual WIND SPEED.
(gen). Any force that acts to produce rotation. The measured ability of a rotating part, such as a gear or shaft.
F – couple
S – par
TOTAL ENERGY HOUSE
(gen). A house that is heated, cooled, and receives its cooking and lighting POWER, completely from ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES.
F – maison a energie integrale
S – casa energetica total
TOTAL SOLIDS
(biocon) (meas). The proportion in weight of solids in a sample of SLURRY or other EFFLUENT (e.g. MASH).
F – fraction solide
S – solidos totales
TOWER
(wind). The main supporting structure of a WIND MACHINE. Towers are usually made of wood or steel, and are suitably braced to withstand the stress to which they are subjected.
F – pylone
S – torre
TOWER MILL
(wind) (arc). A WINDMILL made of masonry or brickwork, and usually fitted with a REVOLVING CAP.
F – eolienne sur pylone
S – molino de torre
TOXIN
(bio) (biocon). A material that inhibits the growth and metabolism of or kills micro-organisms, often by interfering with the normal chemical or biochemical processes. A toxin may cause a BIOGAS DIGESTER to stop producing gas.
(sol). Referring to adjustments that cause a SOLAR COOKER or a SOLAR COLLECTOR to “track” or follow the sun’s path across the sky. Tracking is done either automatically or manually.
(sol). A substance that carries heat From a SOLAR COLLECTOR to a storage area or from a storage area to be warmed in a collector. Transfer mediums are usually either air, water, or antifreeze solutions.
F – agent de transfert
S – medio de transferencia
TRANSMITTANCE
(sol) (meas). The ratio of the RADIANT ENERGY transmitted through a substance to the total radiant energy falling on its surface. Transmittance is always affected by the thickness and composition of the substance, as well as by the INCIDENT ANGLE.
F – facteur de transmission
S – transmision
TRASH RACK
(hydr). A protective “screen” made of vertical bars that catches leaves, grass, and debris, keeping clear the intake of a HYDROPOWER device.
(gen). A use of foot POWER in which an up-and-down motion of the foot on a pedal produces a rotating motion on a machine.
F – puissance de pedale
S – energia producida por pedal
TREATED EFFLUENT
(biocon). Discharge from a BIOGAS DIGESTER that has been rendered harmless by reducing the number of PATHOGENS in it. The treatment often consists of either drying or COMPOSTING the EFFLUENT.
F – effluent traite
S – efluente tratado
TROMBE WALL
(constr) (heat) (sol). A masonry wall located directly inside windows that face the equator. The wall functions simultaneously as a structural element of the building and as a SOLAR COLLECTOR and HEAT STORAGE unit. (See also: THERMAL MASS)
F – mur de trombe
S – pared de trombe
TRUNION
(impl) (wind). A pin or pivot that is mounted on BEARINGS to rotate or turn something. It usually is used as a WINDMILL component. (See also: TURNTABLE)
(gen). A device that converts the ENERGY in a stream of FLUID into mechanical energy. By passing the stream through a system of fixed and/or moving BLADES, a drive shaft is rotated.
F – turbine
S – turbina
TURBINE WHEEL
(hydr). The part of a WATER TURBINE that is attached to a drive shaft, and which holds the BLADES or CUPS that cause the wheel to rotate when struck by a stream of steam or water. The wheel rotates the shaft to produce mechanical or electrical POWER. (Syn: RUNNER)
(hydr). An improved version of the PELTON WHEEL in which the JET is set at an angle to the face of the RUNNER. Water strikes the front of the BUCKETS and discharges at the opposite side.
F – turbine a impulsion turgo
S – turbina de impulsion turgo
TURNAROUND EFFICIENCY
(gen) (meas). The resulting EFFICIENCY when ENERGY is converted from one form to another and then changed back again into its original form or state.
(prod) (gen). [1] Referring to a PRODUCER GAS GENERATOR in which the air-gas mixture flows upward to the engine. [2] Any cooking or heating device (e.g., a KILN) in which air for CONVECTION or combustion flows upward through the device.
F – tirage vers le haut
S – corriente aerea ascendente
UPLONG
(wind) (arc). A longitudinal bar in the BACKSTAY of a SAIL.
F – barre longitudinale
S – varilla longitudinal
UPWIND
(wind). [1] On the same side as the direction from which the wind is blowing (i.e. , in the path of the oncoming wind). [2] A type of WINDMILL in which the ROTOR remains between the oncoming wind and the TOWER.
F – vent de proue
S – viento contrario
USED OIL
(heat). Automotive or other lubrication oil, which is “used up” or no longer useful for its original purpose. If mixed with water at a ratio of five to one, and then dripped onto a heated metal sheet, used oil will burst into flames. This makes it useful as a fuel. (Syn: waste oil)
F – huile epuisee
S – aceite usado
USEFUL ENERGY GAIN
(sol). The ENERGY absorbed by a SOLAR COLLECTOR that is not lost to the surrounding atmosphere and which may be used for space or water heating.
F – gain energetique utile
S – ganancia de energia util
USEFUL SOLAR HEAT
(sol). Heat delivered by a SOLAR COLLECTOR that can be applied for cooking, heating, or other purposes.
F – chaleur solaire utile
S – calor solar util
USEFUL WATER CAPACITY
(hydr) (meas). The volume of water that a reservoir can hold and usefully exploit, and which lies between the lowest and highest levels normally contained in the reservoir.
F – capacite utile en eau
S – capacidad aprovechable de agua
U-VALUE
(heat) (meas). The amount of heat that FLOWS in or out of a substance under constant conditions, in one hour, when there is a one degree difference in temperature between the air inside and outside the building. U-value is the inverse of RESISTANCE-VALUE.
(auto). A blockage in a fuel line that is caused when the fuel vaporizes.
F – tampon de vapeur
S – obstruccion por vapor
VAPOR PRESSURE
(chem) (meas). The pressure of a vapor while in contact with its solid or liquid form. This is also referred to as saturated vapor pressure. The pressure rises with any increase in temperature.
F – tension de vapeur
S – presion del vapor
VERTICAL-AXIS WATER WHEEL
(hydr). A WATER WHEEL that drives a vertical axis instead of the more common horizontal axis
(sol). A type of SILICON SOLAR CELL that is more effective than conventional PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS in converting sunlight to electricity from the violet and ULTRA-VIOLET range of the light spectrum.
F – cellule violette
S – celula violeta
VISCOSITY
(chem). The resistance to FLOW or change of shape due to molecular cohesion and internal friction in FLUIDS. Viscosity varies inversely with temperature.
F – viscosite
S – viscosidad
VOLATILE
(gen) (refrig). [1] Easily burned, unstable, or explosive. [2] Liquids that are readily evaporated at a relatively low temperature.
F – volatile
S – volatil
VOLATILE ACIDS
(biocon). Fatty ACIDS of a low molecular weight. These acids are very SOLUBLE.
(heat). Heat that is left after useful ENERGY generation.
F – chaleur perdue [1]
S – calor perdido
WATER-AIR HEAT EXCHANGER
(heat). A HEAT EXCHANGER in which FLUIDS may either be heated or cooled by water or air.
F – echangeur de chaleur eau/air
S – termopermutador de agua-aire
WATER BED
(sol). Shallow plastic bags that are filled with water and placed on roofs of homes or buildings. In cooler climates, the bags collect SOLAR ENERGY during the day, and radiate heat to the building during the day and radiate this heat to the sky at night, thus cooling the building. In warmer climates, panels are placed over the bags during the day and removed at night so the bags can draw off heat from the building and keep it cool.
F – lit d’eau
S – lecho de agua
WATER CHUTE
(hydr). A steep CHANNEL by which water descends in force. Water chutes are used to create or increase the HEAD for a HYDROPOWER system.
F – chute d’eau
S – caida de agua
WATER HYACINTHS
(biocon). A type of water plant with a high carbon content, which makes it very useful as FEEDSTOCK for BIOGAS production.
F – eichornia
S – jacinto de agua
WATER JACKET
(auto) (prod). A casing or compartment containing water that is placed around all or part of a device to keep it cool, as around the cylinders or cylinder head of an internal combustion engine.
(hydr). The ENERGY in water as derived from its weight or momentum, and which may be used to drive machinery, generate electricity, or for other purposes. (Syn: HYDROPOWER)
(biocon). The part of a GASHOLDER designed to prevent the METHANE from mixing with air and becoming potentially explosive. It generally is created by submerging a portion of the holder in water.
F – joint hydraulique
S – junta hidraulica
WATERSHED
(hydr). [1] the divide or crestline dividing two drainage areas. [2] The area draining into a river, stream etc.
F – [1] ligne de partage des eaux; [2] bassin hydrographique
S – divisoria de aguas
WATER TURBINE
(hydr). A device that converts the ENERGY of falling water into rotating mechanical energy. Water turbines are usually smaller than WATER WHEELS and operate at the higher speeds required to generate electricity.
F – turbine hydraulique
S – turbina hidraulica
WATER WHEEL
(hydr). A wheel with BUCKETS or BLADES that allow it to be turned by the weight or velocity of falling water or by water moving underneath it.
F – roue hydraulique
S – rueda hidraulica
WATT
(elec) (meas). The unit rate at which work is done in an electrical circuit. One watt equals one JOULE of work per second.
F – watt
S – vatio
WAVE POWER
(ocean). The production of electricity by harnessing ocean wave movements through the use of specialized TURBINES or other devices.
F – energie des vagues
S – energia de las olas
WEATHERED SAILS
(wind) (arc). SAILS with variable pitch from the inner to the outer edge.
F – ailes a airage
S – velas inclinadas
WEATHER STRIPPING
(gen). Narrow strips of rubber, felt, metal or other material that are used to conserve ENERGY by preventing air INFILTRATION around doors or windows.
(wind) (meas). A probability density function that allows one to model the WIND SPEED DISTRIBUTION for a given site, based on certain input parameters. A mathematical application of the Weibull probability density function gives the wind speed distribution. The Weibull distribution is a two-parameter function, whereas the RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION is a simplified Weibull that only uses one parameter. (See also: RAYLEIGH DISTRIBUTION)
F – distribution de Weibull
S – distribucion de Weibull
WEIR
(hydr). An obstruction placed across a stream to divert the water to make it FLOW through a desired CHANNEL, which may be a notch or opening in the weir itself. A weir also is that part of a dam, embankment, CANAL, etc. that contains gates, and over which surplus water flows. A calibrated rod can be placed before the opening in a weir to measure flow. Weirs are sometimes set up exclusively as flow-measuring devices. (Syn: waterweir)
F – deversoir
S – presa de aforo
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE
(meas). A measure of the relative humidity in a room. It is taken by a special thermometer whose bulb is kept wet.
(geo). Underground water that is hotter than the boiling point, but which remains liquid because of high surrounding pressures. Reservoirs of this superheated water may be tapped, producing a mixture of water and steam that flows to the surface and which may provide power for a TURBINE or other machinery.
(wind) (arc). The principal longitudinal frame for the individual WINDMILL SAIL. It is strapped and bolted to the face of the BLADE.
F – bras [2]
S – varillaje
WIND CONCENTRATOR
(wind). A device or structure that is used to concentrate a wind stream.
F – concentrateur du vent
S – concentrador de viento
WIND DIRECTION
(wind). The forward course along which the wind is blowing.
F – direction du vent
S – direccion del viento
WIND ELECTRIC SYSTEM
(wind). A system in which a WINDMILL is used to generate electricity. A windmill can either be used with an ALTERNATOR or DYNAMO to provide electricity, which is either stored in batteries or used directly to run appliances.
F – electricite eolienne, systeme de
S – sistema electrogeno eolico
WIND ENERGY
(wind). ENERGY that is tapped from the natural movement of the air. Wind energy is considered a form of SOLAR ENERGY because wind is caused by variations in the amount of heat that the sun sends to different parts of the earth. It may be converted into electrical or mechanical POWER through the use of a WIND MACHINE.
F – energie du vent
S – energia eolica
WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
(wind). The conversion of WIND ENERGY into electrical, mechanical, or thermal energy through the use of WIND MACHINES. Commonly abbreviated as W.E.C.S. or WECS.
(wind). A type of WINDMILL that extracts ENERGY from the wind to produce electricity by driving a GENERATOR. It generally has two or three narrow BLADES that turn at a high speed, often using gearing to multiply the number of revolutions per minute up to a range required by the generator.
F – eolienne generatrice
S – generador eolico
WINDING
(wind) (arc). The action of turning the WINDMILL CAP into the WIND. This is done either automatically or manually. (Pronounced to rhyme with finding.)
F – virer
S – venteamiento
WIND LOAD RATING
(wind) (meas). A specification used to indicate the resistance of a WINDMILL TOWER to the force of the wind.
F – puissance eolienne nominale
S – clasificador de la carga eolica
WIND MACHINE
(wind). Any of several types of wind-driven devices that are used to extract useful POWER from the wind.
(wind). In a strictly technical sense, only those wind-powered MACHINES that drive MILLS to grind grain. However, the term is generally used to describe WIND MACHINES of all kinds. A windmill is powered by wind pressure, and usually has a slowly turning ROTOR with two or more BLADES attached to it. The blades are turned by the wind, thus rotating the rotor and the WIND SHAFT. In this way, WIND ENERGY is converted to mechanical energy. Some typical windmill applications include water pumping, milling or threshing, and electricity generation.
F – moulin a vent, eolienne
S – molino de viento
WIND POWER
(wind) (meas). Power available from the wind that can be used by various types of WIND MACHINES. It can be expressed as: P = E(.5)[[[#DAV|DAV]].sup.3], where:
E = EFFICIENCY of the device expressed as a percentage
F – puissance du vent
S – potencia eolica
WIND-POWERED PUMP
(wind). A water-lifting device driven by a WIND MACHINE.
F – pompe a energie eolienne
S – bomba de aeromotor
WIND ROSE
(wind) (meas). A two-dimensional graph that shows monthly or yearly mean WIND SPEEDS as well as a distribution of wind speeds. It usually indicates the speed and the percentage of time that the wind blows from eight to 16 different directions.
(wind) (meas). A two-dimensional graph that shows the total time or the percentage of time that the wind blows at each WIND SPEED at a particular location. It differs from a WIND ROSE in that it can give a grand total of wind speeds, regardless of their directions.
(wind) (meas). The speed of air movement measured in miles per hour or meters per second. The amount of POWER available from the wind depends in part on the WIND SPEED or velocity. It is a peculiarity of WIND POWER that the ENERGY available increases as the cube of the wind velocity. Wind velocity may be measured by an ANEMOMETER.
F – vitesse du vent
S – velocidad del viento
WINKLER PROCESS
(prod). A FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIER process, which produces a low or medium BTU gas from a wide variety of coals.
(biocon). A stove that uses wood and most wood residues as fuel.
F – poele a bois
S – estufa de lena
WORM
(alc) (impl) (wind) (arc). [1] A type of CONDENSER used in ALCOHOL STILLS. It is a coiled metal tube that leads from the still to a container holding cool water. It increases the rate of CONDENSATION and therefore the purity of the alcohol produced. [2] A cylindrical gear that supports a helical thread. It frequently is used in WINDMILL WINDING gears.
F – [1] serpentin; [2] vis sans fin
S – tornillo sin fin
WORT
(alc). The liquid portion of MASH that has not yet been inoculated with YEAST. It is a brewing term that describes the mash when it is between the BREWING MASH stage and the FERMENTATION period.
(wind). The vertical axis about which a HORIZONTAL AXIS WINDMILL rotates to align itself with the wind.
F – axe de lacet
S – eje vertical
YEAST
(alc) (bio). A single-celled micro-organism that can change simple sugars into ETHANOL and carbon dioxide by FERMENTATION. Yeasts are one type of FUNGI.
F – levure
S – levadura
YOKE
(ani) (impl). A contrivance that joins together a pair of draft animals, especially oxen, and which generally consists of a crosspiece with bow-shaped pieces that fit over the shoulders of the animals.
Rare Earths Mineral Deposit found in North Dakota In recent years, the topic of Rare Earth Minerals (REEs)- Rare Earth Elements-has gained increasing attention from
.
